TANAKA Norio(Environmental Science and Civil Engineering Division)

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Author

Position

Affiliation

Research Areas

TANAKA　Norio
Environmental Science and Civil Engineering Division Professor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Home Page:
http://park.saitama-u.ac.jp/~ehl/

Researcher information

■ Degree

-, University of Tokyo

■ Field Of Study

Social infrastructure (civil Engineering, architecture, disaster prevention), Civil engineering (environmental systems)

Social infrastructure (civil Engineering, architecture, disaster prevention), Hydroengineering

■ Career

Apr. 2007 - Present, Saitama University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Apr. 2004 - Mar. 2007, Saitama University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Apr. 2002 - Mar. 2007, ,-

Apr. 2002 - Mar. 2004

Apr. 2000 - Mar. 2002

Apr. 2000 - Mar. 2002, ,-

■ Educational Background

1991, The University of Tokyo, Japan

1991, University of Tokyo, -, -, Japan

1988, The University of Tokyo, Japan

1988, University of Tokyo, -, -, Japan

1986, The University of Tokyo, The Faculty of Engineering, Japan

1986, University of Tokyo, -, -, Japan

■ Member History

Mar. 2014 - Present
Society

Mar. 2008 - Present
Society

■ Award

Sep. 2018, Best paper award of ISE2018, The effect of a hybrid defense system by a forest and/or moat against a tsunami run-up along a river, 21st International Symposium of International Association for Hydro-environment Engineering and Research(IAHR)
Igarashi, Y;Tanaka, N

Aug. 2018, 優秀成果賞

Jul. 2017, 優秀成果賞

2017, Outstanding Contribution in Reviewing, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
TANAKA Norio

2009, 第11回サマーシンポジウム優秀発表賞
Japan

2009, -

2007, 第9回サマーシンポジウム優秀発表賞
Japan

2007, -

2006, 第８回サマーシンポジウム優秀発表賞
Japan

2006, -

2005, 第7回サマーシンポジウム優秀発表賞
Japan

2005, 土木学会論文賞
Japan

2005, -

2002, 第4回サマーシンポジウム優秀発表賞
Japan

2002, -

Performance information

■ Paper

Overfalling impinging jet flow dynamics within scoured holes downstream of a levee,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Javedullah H. S.; Tanaka N.; Yoshikawa M.
Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2025 (In Press), Mar. 2025, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Effects of Soil Characteristics on Levee Erosion and the Behavior of Twin Eddies in a Scoured Hole Generated by Nappe Flow　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Javedullah Hemat Sherzai; Norio Tanaka; Yoshiya Igarashi; Ryota Onose
International Journal of Civil Engineering, Mar. 2025, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-025-01089-x(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-
DOI ID：10.1007/s40999-025-01089-x(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-

津波遡上に対するハイブリッド減災構造物からの強化された迂回流緩和対策に関する数値解析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
倉ヶ崎航; 五十嵐善哉; 田中規夫
Mar. 2025, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
Japanese, Scientific journal

大地震による地殻上下変動が金目川水系の氾濫特性に与える影響に関する数値解析的研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
渡辺翔琉; 田中規夫; 五十嵐善哉
Mar. 2025, [Corresponding]
Japanese, Scientific journal

地震時の斜面崩壊に起因する河道閉塞リスクの確率的予測手法の構築　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
小田竜生; 田中規夫; 五十嵐善哉
Mar. 2025, [Corresponding]
Japanese, Scientific journal

複層構造基礎地盤におけるパイピング現象の堤防法尻長手方向での時間変動特性　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
真中蒼惟; 我妻大誠; 真中蒼惟; 田中規夫; 五十嵐善哉
Mar. 2025, [Corresponding]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Modelling of Bottom Shear Stresses in Scoured Hole Formed by Nappe Flow During Levee Overtopping　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Yoshiya Igarashi; Norio Tanaka
GeoHazards 2025, Volume：6, Number：1, First page：1, Last page：16, Mar. 2025, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6010011
DOI ID：10.3390/geohazards6010011

全国一級水系を対象にした霞堤構造の分類と数値解析に基づく洪水調節機能評価と機能増進に関する考察　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
石原慎也; 田中規夫; 五十嵐善哉
Volume：81, Number：16, First page：1, Last page：7, Feb. 2025, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejj.24-16021
DOI ID：10.2208/jscejj.24-16021

浸水情報による目的地の変更を考慮した避難解析手法の構築と洪水時の安全避難に関する検討　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
藤野晃慈; 五十嵐善哉; 田中規夫; 小内尭
Volume：81, Number：16, First page：1, Last page：7, Feb. 2025, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.11532/river.30.0_323
DOI ID：10.11532/river.30.0_323

Effect of U-Type Floating Debris Accumulation at Sacrificial Piles on a Local Scour at Bridge Piers　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Subodh Guragain; Norio Tanaka
International Journal of Civil Engineering, Feb. 2025, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-025-01081-5(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789,-().volV)
DOI ID：10.1007/s40999-025-01081-5(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789,-().volV)

Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Energy Reduction of Different Types of Layered Vegetation against Overtopped Tsunami from a Coastal Embankment　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Rashedunnabi AHM; Tanaka N.
23rd International Mathematics Conference, Feb. 2025
English, Scientific journal

A study on the flow behavior & erosion analysis over a laterally uniform turf patches of a finite streamwise lengths with gaps on a levee slope　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Jahan M.; Tanaka N.; Igarashi Y.
, 10th International Conference on Water and Flood Management-ICWFM 2025, Dhaka, Bangladesh., First page：22, Last page：24, Feb. 2025
English, Scientific journal

複層構造基礎地盤におけるパイピング現象の平面的な進行と地盤内の流動状況の解明　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
我妻大誠; 真中蒼惟; 田中規夫; 五十嵐善哉
First page：17, Last page：20, Jan. 2025, [Corresponding]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Transformations in Flow Characteristics and Fluid Force Reduction with Respect to the Vegetation Type and Its Installation Position Downstream of an Embankment　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
A H M Rashedunnabi; Norio Tanaka; Md Abedur Rahman
Fluids 2025, Volume：10, Number：16, First page：1, Last page：23, Jan. 2025, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10010016
DOI ID：10.3390/fluids10010016

Optimizing coastal forest arrangements for tsunami flow dynamics　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Anjum N.; Iqbal S.; Pasha GA; Tanaka N.; Ghani U.
Physics of Fluids, 2025 (In Press), 2025, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Investigation of energy loss, number and size of air bubbles generated due to nappe flow impinging into pooled water by varying the physical scale　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Abbas; Tanaka Norio; Amina
Iranian Journal of Science and Technology (In Press), 2025, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English

Force reduction of tsunami-like waves on coastal structures by varying arrangements and densities of seaside vegetation: A physical model study　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
R.N. Udarika; Norio Tanaka
Ocean Engineering, Volume：318, Number：120103, First page：1, Last page：16, Dec. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.120103
DOI ID：10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.120103

Estimation of average crown base height of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parlat.) coastal forests related to tsunami damage　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Hiroyuki Torita; Kazuhiko Masaka; Norio Tanaka; Yoshiya Igarashi; Kenta Iwasaki; Yasutaka Nakata
Journal of Coastal Conservation, Volume：28, Number：83, First page：1, Last page：9, Dec. 2024, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-024-01085-8
DOI ID：10.1007/s11852-024-01085-8

Effect of geometric arrangement of sacrificial piles on their efficiency of reducing local scouring at bridge piers　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Guragain S.; Tanaka N.
Proc. of the 26th International Summer Symposium, Volume：CS2-26, Oct. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal

Effect of submergence of sacrificial piles on local scour reduction at a bridge pier under U-type debris jam conditions　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Subodh Guragain; Norio Tanaka
Journal of Hydro-environment Research, Volume：2024, Number：57, First page：38, Last page：52, Oct. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2024.10.003
DOI ID：10.1016/j.jher.2024.10.003

Analysis of hydrodynamic behavior in response to diverse pile arrangements adjacent to an impermeable dike　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Sohail Iqbal; Norio Tanaka
Water Science, Volume：38, Number：1, First page：587, Last page：603, Oct. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/23570008.2024.2422254
DOI ID：10.1080/23570008.2024.2422254

Fluid Force Reduction and Flow Structure at a Coastal Building with Different Outer Frame Openings Following Primary Defensive Alternatives: An Experiment-Based Review　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Kannangara Dissanayakalage Charitha Rangana Dissanayaka; Norio Tanaka
geosciences, Volume：14, Number：287, First page：1, Last page：28, Oct. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14110287
DOI ID：10.3390/geosciences14110287

Experimental Study on the Transport and Trapping of Floating Debris by Standing Trees during a Flood Event　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
h IAHR-APD Congress
Oct. 2024, [Reviewed]
English, International conference proceedings

Experimental study on sediment deposition considering surface eddies and local separated flow structure around vegetation patches on sloping middle flood channel, Abstract Book,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka N.; Igarashi Y.; Hisazumi S.
IAHR-APD2024, Wuhan, China, 2024., Oct. 2024, [Lead]
English, Scientific journal

地下茎を有する水際植生の洪水による流失可能性に関する実験的検討　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
五十嵐善哉; 田中規夫
First page：26, Last page：26, Sep. 2024, [Reviewed]
Japanese

斜め切り下げの高水敷において低水路際植生が土砂堆積量に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
久澄伸太郎; 田中規夫; 五十嵐善哉; 中山尚; 松本敬之; 坂本雄司
First page：27, Last page：27, Sep. 2024, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

高水敷の横断勾配と低水路際植生の密生度が水平渦の発生と高水敷への土砂堆積に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
久澄伸太郎, 田中規夫, 五十嵐善哉, Adiningrum Cita, Painda Fazalhaq,中山尚, 松本敬之, 坂本雄司
Volume：2024, Number：3, First page：323, Last page：328, Sep. 2024, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejj.23-00183
DOI ID：10.2208/jscejj.23-00183

Experimental study on the flow characteristics over a laterally uniform turf patches of a finite streamwise lengths with gaps on a levee slope　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Medori J.; Tanaka N.; Igarashi Y.
Proc. of the 26th International Summer Symposium, Volume：CS2-59, Sep. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Seepage Countermeasures and Retrofitting Strategies for Mitigating Nappe Flow-Induced Reverse Flow and Erosion for Overtopping Flow from a Levee　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Liaqat Ali; Kento Sekine; Norio Tanaka
geosciences, Volume：14, Number：233, First page：1, Last page：19, Aug. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14090233
DOI ID：10.3390/geosciences14090233

Hazard assessment for future tsunami inundation partly sheltered by an installed finite hybrid defense system comprised of an embankment, moat, and coastal forest in Onbetsu, Japan　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Yoshiya Igarashi; Hiroyuki Torita; Ryuki Iwakura
Ocean Engineering, Aug. 2024, [Reviewed], [Lead]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119009
DOI ID：10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119009

現況河道の状態把握を起点とした堤防の侵食・洗掘破堤危険度評価手法の実践的開発~ 2019 年 10 月洪水による千曲川での被災事例を検討対象として~　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
戸田祐嗣; 岩崎理樹; 溝口敦子; 磯部良太; 鈴木克尚; 坂野アイカ; 中島由似佳; 田中規夫; 藤田光一
Volume：80, Number：7, First page：1, Last page：20, Jul. 2024, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejj.23-00183
DOI ID：10.2208/jscejj.23-00183

Enhancing Levee Resilience Through Material Compatibility: A Comprehensive Study on Erosion Dynamics　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Liaqat Ali; Norio Tanaka
Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, Jul. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-024-01575-7
DOI ID：10.1007/s40996-024-01575-7

Analysis of Hydraulic Jump and Energy Dissipation in Flow Through Emergent Vegetation Under Varying Froude Numbers　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Nadir Murtaza; Ghufran Ahmed Pasha; Norio Tanaka; Usman Ghani; Naveed Anjum; Kashif Iqbal
Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, Jul. 2024, [Reviewed]
English, Research society
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-024-01571-x
DOI ID：10.1007/s40996-024-01571-x

Numerical Modeling and Validation of Dike-Induced Water Flow Dynamics Using OpenFOAM,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Sohail Iqbala; K.D.C.R. Dissanayakaa; Norio Tanaka
ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Jul. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2https://doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2024.2384514024.2384514
DOI ID：10.1080/09715010.2https://doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2024.2384514024.2384514

Categorizing resident evacuation behaviors within a flood-protected area　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Aki Onai; Norio Tanaka
Categorizing resident evacuation behaviors within a flood-protected area, Jun. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Doctoral thesis
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2024.2365322
DOI ID：10.1080/15715124.2024.2365322

Numerical modeling of flow dynamics around L‑shaped and T‑shaped dikes with varying geometric configurations and wing arrangements　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Sohail Iqbal; Norio Tanaka
Modeling Earth Systems;Environmen, Jun. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-024-02105-0
DOI ID：10.1007/s40808-024-02105-0

Effects of tree crown height on the flow hydrodynamics and tsunami energy reduction around the coastal forest　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Naveed Anjum; Norio Tanaka
Landscape and Ecological Engineering, First page：495, Last page：511, Jun. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, Doctoral thesis
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-024-00609-6
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-024-00609-6

Assessing the Impact of Debris Accumulation around varying configuration of Riparian Vegetation in Dike Breaching During Extreme Flooding Events　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Amina; Tanaka N.; Abbas F.M.
10th International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Volume：374, Number：56, Jun. 2024, [Reviewed], [Corresponding]
English, International conference proceedings
DOI：https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000676023
DOI ID：10.3929/ethz-b-000676023

Assessment of the effect of thinning on the resistance of Pinus thunbergii Parlat. trees in mature coastal forests to tsunami fluid forces　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Hiroyuki Torita; Kazuhiko Masaka; Norio Tanaka; Kenta Iwasaki; Satosi Hasui; Masato Hayamizu; Yasutaka Nakata
Journal of Environmental Management, Volume：284, First page：111969, Last page：111969, Apr. 2021, [Reviewed]
Elsevier BV, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111969
DOI ID：10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111969, ISSN：0301-4797

ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON AMONG CATCHMENT AREAS OF RAINFALL AND BASIN CHARACTERISTICS DOMINATING CONCENTRATION OF WATER LEVEL AND DISCHARGE PEAK TIME AT RIVER CONFLUENCE POINTS - FOCUSING ON THE IRUMA RIVER BASIN OF ARAKAWA WATER SYSTEM -　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Hiroshi SUENAGA; Yuta Mizoguchi; Norio TANAKA; Kazuhiko IHARA; Kenta MATAYOSHI
Advances in River Engineering, Volume：25, First page：121, Last page：126, 2019, [Reviewed]
Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.11532/river.25.0_121
DOI ID：10.11532/river.25.0_121

OBSERVING RESPONSE OF Phragmites japonica TO FLOOD DISTURBANCES AND EXAMINING REPRODUCIBILITY OF ITS RESULT BY A VEGETATION DYNAMICS MODEL
Yuta MIZOGUCHI; Norio TANAKA
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：75, Number：2, First page：I_349, Last page：I_354, 2019, [Reviewed]
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.75.2_i_349
DOI ID：10.2208/jscejhe.75.2_i_349, eISSN：2185-467X

Critical resistance affecting sub- to super-critical transition flow by vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Pasha G.A; Tanaka N
J Earthquake and tsunami, Volume：13, Number：1, First page：1950004-1, Last page：1950004-17, 2019, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Simplified formulae for designing coastal forest against tsunami run-up: one-dimensional approach　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Nguyen Ba Thuy; N. A.K. Nandasena; Vu Hai Dang; Norio Tanaka
Natural Hazards, Volume：92, Number：1, First page：327, Last page：346, May 2018, [Reviewed]
In the present study, laboratory experiments were conducted to validate the applicability of a numerical model based on one-dimensional nonlinear long-wave equations. The model includes drag and inertia resistance of trees to tsunami flow and porosity between trees and a simplified forest in a wave channel. It was confirmed that the water surface elevation and flow velocity by the numerical simulations agree well with the experimental results for various forest conditions of width and tree density. Further, the numerical model was applied to prototype conditions of a coastal forest of Pandanus odoratissimus to investigate the effects of forest conditions (width and tree density) and incident tsunami conditions (period and height) on run-up height and potential tsunami force. The modeling results were represented in curve-fit equations with the aim of providing simplified formulae for designing coastal forest against tsunamis. The run-up height and potential tsunami forces calculated by the curve-fit formulae and the numerical model agreed within ± 10% error.
Springer Netherlands, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3197-z
DOI ID：10.1007/s11069-018-3197-z, ISSN：1573-0840, SCOPUS ID：85041542411

Flume experiments on a flood guard moat, Kamaebori, around a protective mound and structure, Mizuka, in frequent flood occurrence area　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Hasemi, Y; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1(Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：74, Number：4, First page：1285, Last page：1290, 2018, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Effects of existing second embankments constructed in Edo era on sensible flooding risk in the middle reach of the Arakawa River　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Igarashi, Y; Fushimi K
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1(Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：74, Number：4, First page：1393, Last page：1398, 2018, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Experiments on the effectiveness of tsunami mitigation measure by multiple defense behind coastal vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Zaha, T; Tanaka, N; Kimiwada, Y
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1(Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：74, Number：4, First page：433, Last page：438, 2018, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

The effect of vegetation and moat along the river on the tsunami run-up along a river　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Igarashi, Y; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1(Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：74, Number：4, First page：445, Last page：450, 2018, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Effects of sediment replenishment to grain-size refining and macroinvertebrates in the river bed downstream of a dam
Mizoguchi, Y; Tanaka, N; Takahashi, T
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1(Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：74, Number：4, First page：595, Last page：600, 2018, [Reviewed]
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.74.i_595
DOI ID：10.2208/jscejhe.74.i_595, eISSN：2185-467X

Effectiveness of a compound defense system of sea embankment and coastal forest against a tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Igarashi, Y; Tanaka, N
Ocean Engineering, Number：151, First page：246, Last page：256, 2018, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Tsunami mitigation by combination of coastal vegetation and a backward-facing step　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Pasha, G.A; Tanaka; N. Yagisawa, J; Achmad, F.N
Coastal Engineering Journal, 2018, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Experimental study on the energy reduction of a solitary wave using a sand dune-coastal lagoon system　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Vinodh, T.L.C; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1(Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：74, Number：5, First page：1231, Last page：1236, 2018, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

The change in the sensible flooding risk and escape timing in the Kawajima Town in middle reach of the Arakawa River Basin in relation to the rainfall patterns and breaching conditions　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Fushimi K; Tanaka, N; Igarashi, Y
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1(Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：74, Number：5, First page：1291, Last page：1296, 2018, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Research on the hybrid method for tsunami-mitigation by adding an embankment and moat in front of the existing coastal forest　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Kimiwada, Y; Tanaka, N; Sato, H; Zaha, T; Igarashi, Y
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1(Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：74, Number：5, First page：1243, Last page：1248, 2018, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Experimental study on the effect of anisotropy of porosity in a calculation grid on a flood inundation pattern　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Onai A; Tanaka, N; Fushimi, K; Ikai S
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1(Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：74, Number：5, First page：1537, Last page：1542, 2018, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Influence of long-term sediment replenishment to algal biomass and community structure downstream of a dam
Mizoguchi, Y; Tanaka, N; Takahashi, T
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1(Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：74, Number：5, First page：391, Last page：396, 2018, [Reviewed]
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.74.5_i_391
DOI ID：10.2208/jscejhe.74.5_i_391, eISSN：2185-467X

A theoretical analysis of occurrence of hydraulic jump by double embankment system　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Igarashi, Y; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1(Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：74, Number：5, First page：1237, Last page：1242, 2018, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

The changes of tsunami mitigation and breaking rate of black-pine coastal forest At different growth stages under thinning management of trees　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Igarashi, Y; Zaha, T; Tanaka, N; Sato, H; Torita, H
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：74, Number：2, First page：229, Last page：234, 2018, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Evaluation of the resistance of coastal Pinus thunbergii Parlat. forests to the tsunami fluid force in Japan　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Torita H; Tanaka N
Natural Hazards, Number：Published online, 2018, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Flume experiments on optimal arrangement of hybrid defense system comprising an embankment　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Zaha T; Tanaka N; Kimiwada Y
Ocean Engineering, Volume：173, First page：45, Last page：57, 2018, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Effects of forest management on resistance against tsunamis in coastal forests　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Torita H; Tanaka N; Masaka K; Iwasaki K
Ocean Engineering, Volume：169, First page：379, Last page：387, 2018, [Reviewed]
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.09.013
DOI ID：10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.09.013, ISSN：0029-8018, Web of Science ID：WOS:000449242100029

Changes in flow structures and energy reduction through compound tsunami mitigation system with embankment and lined piles　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Igarashi Y; Tanaka N; Zaha T
Volume：164, First page：722, Last page：732, 2018, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Effective tree distribution and stand structures in a forest for tsunami mitigation considering the different tree-breaking patterns of tree species　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka N; Sato H; Igarashi Y; Kimiwada Y; Torita H
Journal of Environmental Management, Volume：223, First page：925, Last page：935, 2018, [Reviewed]
Elsevier BV, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.006
DOI ID：10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.006, ISSN：0301-4797

Coconut-Fibre Biofilm Wastewater Treatment System in Sri Lanka: Microcosm Experiments for Evaluating Wastewater Treatment Efficiencies and Oxygen Consumption
Sato N; Saito T; Satoh H; Tanaka N; Kawamoto K
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Volume：8, Number：10, First page：691, Last page：695, Oct. 2017, [Reviewed]
EJournal Publishing, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2017.8.10.1040
DOI ID：10.18178/ijesd.2017.8.10.1040, eISSN：2010-0264

Undular hydraulic jump formation and energy loss in a flow through emergent vegetation of varying thickness and density　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Ghufran Ahmed Pasha; Norio Tanaka
OCEAN ENGINEERING, Volume：141, Number：141, First page：308, Last page：325, Sep. 2017, [Reviewed]
Floods resulting from extreme events like tsunamis may inundate widespread inland areas, but vegetation can act as a natural buffer zone to reduce the inundation area and dissipate the energy of flowing water. This paper summarizes a series of laboratory experiments in which the energy loss through emergent vegetation in a steady subcritical flow was investigated. The energy loss was determined against vegetation of variable thickness (dn, where d = diameter of cylinder, n = number of cylinders in a stream-wise direction per unit of cross-stream width), density (G/d, where G = spacing of each cylinder in cross-stream direction, d = diameter of cylinder), and initial Froude number. On the upstream side of vegetation, the backwater rise increased by increasing both vegetation thickness and density. Contrarily, on the downstream side a breaking undular jump with a lateral shock wave was observed for a dense vegetation arrangement (G/d = 0.25), whereas a non-breaking undular jump with and without air bubbles was identified for intermediate (G/d = 1.09) and sparse (G/d = 2.13) vegetation conditions, respectively. Under these conditions, the maximum energy reduction due to a jump reached 6.4% for dense vegetation, and was reduced to 1.7% and 1.4% for intermediate and sparse vegetations, respectively. Hence, denser vegetation offers larger resistance, thus causes significant energy loss.
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.06.049
DOI ID：10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.06.049, ISSN：0029-8018, Web of Science ID：WOS:000407535100027

Microcosm experiments on a coconut-fibre biofilm treatment system to evaluatewaste water treatment efficiencies　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Naofumi Sato; W. N.K. Dharmarathne; Takeshi Saito; Hiroyasu Sato; Norio Tanaka; Ken Kawamoto
International Journal of GEOMATE, Volume：12, Number：33, First page：160, Last page：166, May 2017, [Reviewed]
Interest in utilization of locally available biomasses as biofilm support media for wastewater treatment in developing countries is increasing. In this study, microcosm experiments on a coconut-fibre biofilm treatment system were carried out to evaluate wastewater treatment efficiencies in the laboratory using two wastewaters, synthetic sewage and leachate, with different pollutant loads. Three coconut-fibre conditions were set as a single bundle (low fibre density: LFD), two bundles (high fibre density: HFD), and no coconut fibre (blank). The wastewater was first circulated in the system for six weeks (circulation stage) and then discharged from the treatment tank for 7-24 weeks (treatment stage). Water quality parameters of effluents, pH, DO, EC, BOD, COD, TC, and TN, were measured at one-week intervals, and the sedimented sludge in each treatment tank was collected to determine C, N, and P contents. Results showed effective reductions in BOD and COD in the LFD and HFD conditions for the synthetic leachate, indicating that the coconut fibre contributed to the treatment of wastewater. On the other hand, the fibre density had less or no effect on the reduction of water quality parameters in the synthetic sewage. For both synthetic sewage and leachate, the C and N consumptions generally increased in the order of blank, LFD, and HFD. In particular, sludge sedimentation contributed to C consumption under the HFD condition.
GEOMATE International Society, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.21660/2017.33.2754
Scopus：https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85018239515&origin=inward
Scopus Citedby：https://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85018239515&origin=inward
DOI ID：10.21660/2017.33.2754, ISSN：2186-2982, SCOPUS ID：85018239515

Effect of periphyton growth on the momentum exchange in between roughness layer and upper layer and bed shear stress on armored bed　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Hasemi, Y; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：73, Number：4, First page：1189, Last page：1194, Mar. 2017, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
ISSN：1880-8751, CiNii Articles ID：40021164344, CiNii Books ID：AN10426673

Comparison of reduction of tsunami fluid force and additional force due to impact and accumulating after collision of tsunami-produced driftwood from a coastal forest with houses during the Great East Japan tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Ogino, T
Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Mar. 2017, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Numerical study on optimum route of evacuation assistance bus based on flood inundation model for for Kawajima Town　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Yagisawa, J; Okubo, K; Tanaka, N; Akasaki, Y; Nara,Y
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：73, Number：4, First page：313, Last page：318, 2017, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
ISSN：1880-8751, CiNii Articles ID：40021162462, CiNii Books ID：AN10426673

Flume study on the impact of steps located in a steep channel on the driftwood accumulation in front of bridge girder　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Miyahara, K; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：73, Number：4, First page：1291, Last page：1296, 2017, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
ISSN：1880-8751, CiNii Articles ID：40021164516, CiNii Books ID：AN10426673

Evaluation on the bottom shear force in streamwise canyon in an armored bed actually related to the movement of the sand　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Sakata, R; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：73, Number：4, First page：787, Last page：792, 2017, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
ISSN：1880-8751, CiNii Articles ID：40021163484, CiNii Books ID：AN10426673

Evaluation of energy reduction by the double embankment system on the change of flow structure after the overtopping of level 2 tsunami from sea embankment　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Igarashi, Y; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：73, Number：4, First page：1009, Last page：1014, 2017, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
ISSN：1880-8751, CiNii Articles ID：40021163864, CiNii Books ID：AN10426673

Mitigation of destructive fluid force on buildings due to trapping of floating debris by coastal forest during the Great East Japan tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Aki Onai
LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING, Volume：13, Number：1, First page：131, Last page：144, Jan. 2017, [Reviewed]
The effectiveness of coastal or inland forests in trapping floating debris produced by destructive tsunamis has long been discussed but never clarified quantitatively. To estimate the effectiveness, especially in reducing the damage to wooden buildings (houses) behind the forest, a nonlinear long wave equation model that includes not only destruction of the coastal forest but also a trap mechanism has been developed, and a simulation was conducted where trapping was observed during the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. A post-tsunami survey of Sendai City showed that some houses just behind the coastal forest remained, although the inland-side houses were washed out. Based on the damage to houses, fragility curves as a function of moment by fluid force were analyzed. Although only the fringe of a coastal forest increases the fluid force due to a tsunami current concentration where a coastal forest is damaged, analyses using the model with and without the trapping function suggest that the debris-trapping function of a coastal forest greatly mitigates the damage observed in the post-tsunami survey, not only just behind the forest, but further inland, at around 1300 m from the coast. By including the trapping effect, the inundation height can be well reproduced, especially at around 2000-3000 m. The fluid force reduction was increased inland because some houses there remained standing in the tsunami and maintained resistance to the current.
SPRINGER JAPAN KK, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-016-0308-4
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-016-0308-4, ISSN：1860-1871, eISSN：1860-188X, Web of Science ID：WOS:000391940700012

Science and engineering of forest: Evaluation of the function, control and utilization　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Asaeda, T; Tanaka, N
Advances in River Engineering, Volume：23, First page：555, Last page：560, 2017, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Role of boundary layer hydraulics on the preservation of instream ecology　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Utida, T; Sanjo, M
Advances in River Engineering, Volume：23, First page：549, Last page：554, 2017, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Effectiveness of Finite Length Inland Forest in Trapping Tsunami-Borne Wood Debris　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Ghufran Ahmed Pasha; Norio Tanaka
JOURNAL OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI, Volume：10, Number：4, Oct. 2016, [Reviewed]
Debris produced by coastal forest destruction due to the tsunami after the Great East Japan Earthquake caused secondary damage to buildings by collision. To limit such destruction, the trapping action of a finite-length forest was examined in a flume considering the effects of 'forest density', 'debris length to forest width ratio', and 'forest width-length ratio (aspect ratio)' because the trapping height greatly affects the rate of damage to the forest itself. Higher forest density and a higher aspect ratio decrease the velocity in front of the forest. Debris having a specific gravity up to 0.80 floated after collision but oscillated vertically as forest density was increased. With debris of a higher specific gravity (0.90-1.05), increased forest density resulted in debris attachment closer to the ground, which reached a plateau beyond a forest density of 0.48 cylinders/cm(2). In sparse forest, when debris was longer than the forest width; most debris fell at the foot of trees, while it was caught in the upper half of water depth in dense forest. The flow structure in front of and around a forest greatly affected the debris trapping capacity. It was deducted that the inland forest with a density of 0.48 cylinders/cm(2) and an aspect ratio of 1.7 trapped most of the debris of all lengths at the foot of trees.
WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431116500081
DOI ID：10.1142/S1793431116500081, ISSN：1793-4311, eISSN：1793-7116, Web of Science ID：WOS:000387688800005

Three dimensional downstream scour analysis after levee overtopping　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Sazia, A; Yagisawa, J; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：72, Number：4, First page：823, Last page：828, 2016, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Turbulence characteristics in open channel gravel bed with small water depth relative to roughness elements height,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Habib, S; Tanaka, N; Yoshizawa, Y
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：72, Number：4, First page：511, Last page：516, 2016, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Change of overtopping tsunami flow rate from embankment with the arrangement of the embankment and coastal forest　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Igarashi, Y; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers,, Volume：72, Number：4, First page：397, Last page：402, 2016, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Suitable structure behind sea embankment for energy dissipation to the overtopping flow of level-2 tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Igarashi, Z; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：71, Number：2, First page：325, Last page：330, 2016, [Reviewed]
The Great East Japan tsunami has revealed the limit of hard solution by only sea embankment. So the tsunami mitigation for level-2 tsunami with which recurrent cycle is around several hundreds to one thousand is discussed, by multiple defense system, not only using a sea embankment but by many hard and soft solutions. So the objective of this study is to clarify the effectiveness of inland embankment together with coastal forest for dissipating tsunami energy by a flume test. Optimal arrangement and height of inland embankment is tested in comparison with one embankment system. New index is proposed to classify the flow structure around the embankment using tsunami momentum and storage capacity in between the embankments. The second embankment height is better to be smaller within when the hydraulic jump occurs, but the oscillation of water depth decreases the energy dissipation effect. For optimal design of the two embankment system, the range of the index has been discussed for escaping the generation of oscillation of water depth at the top of second embankment.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.71.I_325
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.71.I_325, ISSN：1884-2399, CiNii Articles ID：130005109302

Mud Crab (Scylla serrata) population changes in Koggala Lagoon, Sri Lanka since construction of the groyne system　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
G. P. Amarasekara; T. Priyadarshana; J. Manatunge; N. Tanaka; G. L. Gunaratne
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM HEALTH & MANAGEMENT, Volume：19, Number：1, First page：83, Last page：91, Jan. 2016, [Reviewed]
This study was conducted to determine the present status of the Mud Crab (Scylla serrata Forskal) population in Koggala Lagoon, including details on size at maturity, sex ratio and carapace width body weight relationship. This Crab is the most common edible Crab species found in the lagoon, comprising 93.10% of total catch from crab pots and 89.86% of total catch from crab nets. Sex ratios (male: female) were 1: 0.86 and 1: 0.82 in crab pots and nets, respectively. Female crabs of various sizes were randomly sampled to determine size at maturity. The results indicate that size at maturity of females was 12.17 cm carapace width. Size at maturity of males could not be determined using external characteristics. Population parameters were estimated from length-frequency data collected in 2009 and 2011. Asymptotic carapace length (L-infinity) and growth constant (K) were estimated to be 20.12 cm, 0.91 yr(-1) in 2009 and 19.27 cm, 3.2 yr(-1) in 2011, respectively. Exploitation rates were 0.32 in 2009 and 0.44 in 2011. There was a significant difference in Crab size between harvests by the crab nets versus traditional crab pots. Results indicate that S. serrata population is declining due to over-fishing as of increased fishing gear efficiency from traditional crab pots to modern crab nets. Commercial catches of crab net and crab pots comprised 85.7% and 72.0% of immature females, respectively, based on the size at first maturity revealed by this study. In order to maintain natural health of the Mud Crab population, immediate management action is needed to regulate fishing in Koggala Lagoon.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2016.1139426
DOI ID：10.1080/14634988.2016.1139426, ISSN：1463-4988, eISSN：1539-4077, Web of Science ID：WOS:000373112700009

Field observation and flume experiment on sand transportation at Namiita Coast　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Yagisawa J; Takemura T; Ono S; Itabashi N; Shinojima K; Suzuki K; Tanaka N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：72, Number：2, First page：187, Last page：192, 2016, [Reviewed]
For elucidating the sand movement characteristics at Namiita coast, in situ and flume experiments were conducted. Field experiments which used colored sand were conducted from Dec. 2014 to Feb. 2015 and from July - Oct. 2015. For both seasons, colored sand (d₅₀=0.6 and 1.0mm) has been confirmed to move not only offing direction (within the shallow region from the critical water depth for the sediment movement) but also shore direction from the setting point. If similar material will be used for the beach nourishment, there is a possibility to contribute to the re-formation of sandy beach.
Flume experiments with considering different submarine topography (before and after 2011 Tsunami) and wave conditions were conducted. By using experimental results, change of submarine topography through the year was clarified. Even submarine topography after 2011 Tsunami, a tendency of sedimentation was confirmed to be maintained around beach line. These results suggest that sandy beach in Namiita coast might be reformed by conducting beach nourishment.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejoe.72.I_187
DOI ID：10.2208/jscejoe.72.I_187, CiNii Articles ID：130005263266

Flume experiments for clarifying the effects of the thickness of seaside coastal forest and tree-overturning event on the overflow rate from embankment　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Igarashi, Y; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：72, Number：2, First page：319, Last page：324, 2016, [Reviewed]
After the Great East Japan tsunami, the importance of a multiple defense system is increasing for Level-2 tsunami that combined coastal forest and sea embankment. This study is conducted to clarify the change of flow pattern and overflow volume from embankment with tree overturning and thickness of coastal forest using a flume with sudden opening gate. When the trees are not overturned and the thickness of seaside forest is thin (2 rows), the flow pattern change in front of embankment increases the total reflection and decreases the overflow volume around 10-20%, although the forest itself does not increase the reflection. This case's the ratio of reduction in overflow volume for one row is 3-4 times as large as the case that thickness of seaside forest is thick (40rows). When the trees are overturned and the thickness of seaside forest is thin (2rows), the overflow volume doesn't decrease in some cases. However, if the flow pattern change occurs between seaside forest and embankment, the overflow volume decreases around 20% even when the trees are overturned. If the thin forest model (2rows) was endured for the first attack but overturn before the reflection from embankment arrived, the ratio of reduction in overflow volume increases.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.72.I_319
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.72.I_319, CiNii Articles ID：130005282389

複数津波の来襲により生じた青森県三沢の海岸林破壊現象の検証　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Sato, H; Akasaki, Y; Torita, H; Odashima, R
Validation for the modeling of destruction phenomena of the coastal forest at Misawa in Aomori Prefecture where multiple inundation of tsunami occurred, Volume：72, Number：2, First page：313, Last page：318, 2016, [Reviewed]
Destruction situation of coastal forest revealed by the post tsunami survey of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami has been reproduced by two-dimensional depth averaged long-wave model and the estimation method of the tree destruction for the management of coastal forest is validated. The effect of several-time attacks on the destruction was also discussed especially paid attention on the reduction of critical overturning moment. Previous model is underestimated the tree destruction and the accuracy is improved by decreasing the threshold by 70% value. In addition, some trees overturned was hypothesized to increase to fall the neighboring trees down. Considering the small tree of which crown height is standard-deviation smaller from average, the reproduction of the simulated tree destruction has also been improved. For the management of coastal forest, these two effects is important to be included.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.72.I_313
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.72.I_313, CiNii Articles ID：130005282399

The characteristics of levee-breach phenomena and scoured Region of the Kinugawa river and some branches of Tonegawa rivers at Kanto & Tohoku heavy rain in September 2015　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Yagisawa, J; Igarashi, Y; Yamagishi, G
Advances in River Engineering, JSCE, Volume：22, First page：333, Last page：338, 2016, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Effect of submergence condition and overtopping depth on gully scour dimensions: Observations from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Afreen, S; Yagisawa, J; Tanaka, N
Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Volume：11, Number：2, 2016, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Scoured depth and length of pools and ditches generated by overtopping flow from embankments during the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Sato, M
Ocean Engineering, Number：109, First page：72, Last page：82, Aug. 2015
English, Scientific journal

Method how to measure the bed material size distribution in relation to the invertebrate dynamics in armored gravel bed downstream of a dam　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：71, Number：4, First page：1159, Last page：1164, Mar. 2015, [Reviewed]
Importance of small-size material on invertebrate dynamics has been pointed out in previous studies. For clarifying the reference diameter that greatly affects the dynamics, invertebrate was sampled on the downstream riffle of Futase Dam. The average body length of the 4 invertebrates are around 4-14mm and related small particle size are supposed around 1.4-4.1 mm. Five methods for sampling large and small gravel-sand particles were tested. Image analysis that represents macro roughness has a possibility not to count small size particles. Combined method that uses appropriate methods for macro and micro roughness has been proposed. The method can represent the small size particle which is related to the drift phenomenon of invertebrates.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.71.I_1159
DOI ID：10.2208/jscejhe.71.I_1159, ISSN：2185-467X, CiNii Articles ID：130005123491, CiNii Books ID：AN10426673

Numerical analysis considering the effect of trapping the floatage by coastal forests and fragility curve by houses　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Onai, A; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：71, Number：4, First page：727, Last page：732, Mar. 2015, [Reviewed]
To estimate the fragility of wooden buildings (houses) in relation to the tsunami water depth and hydrodynamic force during the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami, a numerical simulation was conducted in two different regions using a nonlinear long wave equation model that includes the breaking or washout condition of trees and houses, and trapping function of driftwood by coastal forest. Fragility curves as a function of water depth, fluid force and moment by fluid force were analyzed for different level of house damages. Some differences exist especially for the fragility curve of washing out houses, but the curve has been improved by considering the trapping effect by trees, and become similar to that in the region where coastal forest was thin and breaching of embankment was not occurred.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.71.I_727
DOI ID：10.2208/jscejhe.71.I_727, ISSN：2185-467X, CiNii Articles ID：130005123549, CiNii Books ID：AA12199490

Simulation about effect of forest to reduce Tsunami considering tree damage　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Sato Hajime; Tanaka Norio; Noguchi Hironori; Torita Hiroyuki; Masaka Kasuhiko; Abe Tomoyuki; Iwasaki Kenta
The Japanese Forest Society Congress, Volume：126, Number：0, First page：468, Last page：468, 2015
[in Japanese]
THE JAPANESE FORESTRY SOCIETY, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.11519/jfsc.126.0_468
DOI ID：10.11519/jfsc.126.0_468, CiNii Articles ID：130005490903

Geometrical characteristic of scour holes caused by overtopping flow of embankment covered with different lengths of protection works
Binh, D.V; Yagisawa, J; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：71, Number：4, First page：163, Last page：168, 2015, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal
ISSN：1880-8751, CiNii Articles ID：40020430750

Investigation of scour pattern downstream of levee toe due to overtopping flow
Sazia,A; Yagisawa, J; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：71, Number：4, First page：175, Last page：180, 2015, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
ISSN：1880-8751, CiNii Articles ID：40020430800

The optimal porosity of stream-wise groins for wave attenuation under different cross slope conditions
Trung, L.V; Yagisawa, J; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：71, Number：4, First page：13, Last page：18, 2015, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal
ISSN：1880-8751, CiNii Articles ID：40020429637

Fragility curve of different damage of wooden building due to tsunami based on tsunami fluid force and its moment　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：71, Number：1, First page：1, Last page：11, 2015, [Reviewed]
To estimate the fragility of wooden buildings (houses) in relation to the tsunami water depth and hydrodynamic force during the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami, a numerical simulation was conducted in three different regions using a nonlinear long wave equation model that includes the breaking or washout condition of trees and houses. Fragility curves as a function of water depth, fluid force (FF) and moment by fluid force (MF) were analyzed for different level of house damages. Some differences exist especially for the fragility curve of washing out houses, but the curve where coastal forest was thin and breaching of embankment was not occurred can be utilized because of the high accuracy of the washout situation of houses in numerical simulation. The differences in place were small in case of a collapsed or major/moderate damage level for FF and MF. Although the simulation includes the washout condition defined by the critical moment index, the applicability of FF was better than MF for high Froude numbers near the coast. The efficacy of selecting the smaller curve was proposed within two water depth curves for 50% collapsed or major/moderate damage level based on Froude numbers.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.71.1
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.71.1, ISSN：1884-2399, CiNii Articles ID：130004956748

High-precision tsunami simulation method considering the difference in breaking and overtopping phenomenon by stand structure of coastal trees applicable to coastal forest management　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Niwata, Y; Sato, S; Torita, H; Noguchi, H
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：71, Number：2, First page：307, Last page：312, 2015, [Reviewed]
Coastal forest is recently expected to dissipate tsunami energy by combining with an artificial embankment. When a large tsunami attacks coastal forests, almost all forests are broken or overturned. So it's important to reproduce numerically the breaking situation of forests. The objective of this study is to improve two-dimensional nonlinear longwave equation model including the tree break in detail, to demonstrate the energy dissipation effect when forest is broken, and to clarify the breaking phenomena in relation to the stand structure of trees. Numerical simulation demonstrates that a tree of which crown is high from ground tends to be broken at the tree trunk when root anchoring strength is low. In comparison with overturning phenomenon, the tree trunk breaking is occurred in case of relatively small Froude number and in the forest with artificial embankment and pool. In addition, even when the trees with dense crown are broken, they contribute to resist tsunami to some extent. Coastal forest with artificial embankment and pool is evaluated to have large tsunami dissipation effect in the study area.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.71.I_307
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.71.I_307, ISSN：1884-2399, CiNii Articles ID：130005109299

Stochastic analysis of forestation on excavated gravel bar by growth dynamic model　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Yagisawa, J; Tanaka, N
Advances in River Engineering, Volume：21, Number：17, First page：319, Last page：324, 2015, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Field study on planted forest structures and their role in protecting communities against tsunamis: experiences along the coast of the Biobío Region　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Rodríguez, R; Encina, P; Espinosa, M; Tanaka, N
Chile. Landscape and Ecol. Engineering, Jan. 2015, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Reprint of "Boulder transport by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami: Comprehensive field observations and whither model predictions?"　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
N. A.K. Nandasena; Norio Tanaka; Yasushi Sasaki; Masahiko Osada
Marine Geology, Volume：358, First page：49, Last page：66, Dec. 2014, [Reviewed]
Predicting the local size of a historic high-energy event from its boulders using numerical models is a challenging research topic. Modern high-energy events and their deposits are useful to validate these models
however, validating the accuracy of the results is difficult due to the scarcity of good datasets or the ambiguity of existing field data. Data on boulders transported by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami at coastal sites (Settai, Taro, and Karakuwa) on the northeast coast of Japan were compiled. Pre-tsunami locations and settings and transport distances were found from evidence such as photographs, aerial images, and the testimony of survivors. The estimated weight of the boulders analyzed ranged from 11 to as much as 167. t, while the transport distance varied from a few to up to 600. m. Modeling results predicted that the minimum limit of maximum flow velocity of the tsunami at the pre-tsunami locations of the boulders varied from 4.2 to 6.8. m/s. The measured maximum flow depths at Settai (17-18. m) and Taro (14. m) were within the predicted range of flow depth when the Froude number. = 1.0-1.5. Numerical model estimates for an older boulder (285. t) in Settai indicate that it was probably transported by a historical tsunami (1611 Keicho Sanriku event?) which may have been similar to or bigger than that of the 2011 event in the area. The maximum flow velocity could not have been less than 6.1. m/s, and if the boulder was transported to the present location by rolling, the flow velocity must have been within 7.5-23.7. m/s. Following systematic validation, the numerical modeling of boulder transport is proving promising for reconstructing the local magnitude of historical, high-energy events. Further improvements can be made with additional high quality field data from modern high-energy events.
Elsevier, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.10.003
DOI ID：10.1016/j.margeo.2014.10.003, ISSN：0025-3227, SCOPUS ID：84914147553

Combined effects of coastal forest and sea embankment on reducing the washout region of houses in the Great East Japan tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Satoshi Yasuda; Kosuke Iimura; Junji Yagisawa
JOURNAL OF HYDRO-ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, Volume：8, Number：3, First page：270, Last page：280, Aug. 2014, [Reviewed]
Coastal vegetation is widely recognized for its ability to reduce tsunami damage; however, coastal forests in large areas of the Tohoku and Kanto districts of Japan were destroyed by the Great East Japan tsunami on 11 March 2011. To elucidate the tsunami-mitigating effect of a coastal forest during a destructive tsunami, the combined effects of sea embankment and coastal forest were analyzed using post-tsunami survey data of the damage and a nonlinear long wave equation model that includes the breaking or washout condition of trees. The numerical simulations estimated that a 600-m-long coastal forest reduced the washout region of houses due to a 10-m-high tsunami at the coast by approximately 100 m, and the reduction achieved by a sea wall of approximately 5.4-6.4 m in height was approximately 560-1520 m, The height of a sea embankment or wall with sand dunes greatly affects the breaking condition of trees behind it by changing the tsunami flux overflowing the sea wall and the sand dune. For the combination of a sea embankment and a coastal forest during a destructive tsunami, the tsunami mitigation function of the coastal forest has an optimum value when the fluid force on the trees is strong but not strong enough to break the trees under the condition at which the tsunami overflows the sea embankment. At the investigated site, the effect of the coastal forest was larger than that of the sea embankment under optimal conditions. Thus, a coastal forest on a sand dune should be designed as a mitigation measure behind a sea embankment and optimally designed to protect the houses that are not protected from a tsunami by the sea embankment alone. (C) 2013 International Association for Hydro-environment Engineering and Research, Asia Pacific Division. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2013.10.001
DOI ID：10.1016/j.jher.2013.10.001, ISSN：1570-6443, eISSN：1876-4444, Web of Science ID：WOS:000345488000010

Maximum sand sedimentation distance after backwash current of tsunami - Simple inverse model and laboratory experiments　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Eiichi Furusato; Norio Tanaka
MARINE GEOLOGY, Volume：353, Number：353, First page：128, Last page：139, Jul. 2014, [Reviewed]
Estimating the magnitude of a past tsunami is important in tsunami hazard assessment and protection. In particular, sand deposition data provide important information in such processes. The effects of the backwash current of a tsunami on the sand distribution should be considered in estimating the historical tsunami magnitude by field survey data.
A simple inverse model was developed to estimate the maximum distance of a sand deposit from a tsunami considering not only sedimentation but also re-erosion by the backwash current. Laboratory experiments were conducted to understand the characteristics of the effects of backwash current and estimate the parameters needed for the model development. The proposed simple model consists of several macroscopic characteristics of both non-tsunami terms, such as land slope and sand characteristics, and comprehensive tsunami properties, such as the energy gradient of the backwash current and tsunami height. It was assumed that the velocity and water depth of the backwash current are linearly approximated by the law of tsunami current conservation on a land slope. To estimate the decrease in sand layer depth due to re-erosion by the backwash current the tractive force of the current and the drag force of the sand removed were related with one empirical parameter (epsilon). Laboratory flume experiments were conducted to calibrate the parameter. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the effect on the changes in the value of s on the sand deposition distance to be smaller than that of other parameters. In spite of many simple assumptions, the estimate agreed well with the sand deposit distance of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake tsunami. Finally, the limitations and effectiveness of the model are discussed. This study developed a useful method for measuring backwash in a relatively extensive land slope where the effect of the backwash current is large and regional topography and land use effects are small. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.04.006
DOI ID：10.1016/j.margeo.2014.04.006, ISSN：0025-3227, eISSN：1872-6151, Web of Science ID：WOS:000337857900009

Annual changes in community dynamics of invertebrate in gravel bed river downstream of a dam and the change in movability of bed material in low flow channel after artificial sand supply　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Furusato, E
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：70, Number：4, First page：1327, Last page：1332, Mar. 2014, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
ISSN：2185-467X, J-Global ID：201502242391132510

Microhabitat characteristics behind large bed material and macroinvertebrate dynamics – Separation and hydraulic jump type habitat-　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Furusato, E; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering), Volume：70, Number：4, First page：1333, Last page：1338, Mar. 2014, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
ISSN：2185-467X, J-Global ID：201502258645438635

Dynamic growth model of river vegetation considering the change of vegetation succession speed due to deposition of fine sand, Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Yagisawa, J; Tanaka, N
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：70, Number：3, First page：71, Last page：81, 2014, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Method for evaluating the forestation in river considering the characteristics of flood decline and geomorphology of gravel bars on the deposition of fine sand　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Yagisawa, J; Otsuka, S
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：70, Number：3, First page：60, Last page：70, 2014, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Flow in Roughness Layer and Dynamics of Invertebrate in Stream　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Furusato, E
J. Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics, Volume：33, Number：33, First page：337, Last page：342, 2014, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
ISSN：0286-3154, J-Global ID：201402289368602304

Novel classification system for stream invertebrate related to the response characteristics to physical disturbance　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Furusato, E; Tanaka, N; Sakata, R
Advances in River Engineering, Volume：20, First page：151, Last page：156, 2014, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
J-Global ID：201602250337447203

Current status and problems of eco-hydraulics for river managements –Toward regulation of intermediate disturbance –　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Furusato, E
Advances in River Engineering, Volume：20, First page：145, Last page：150, 2014, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal
J-Global ID：201602231179083122

Mud crab (Scylla serrata) population changes in Koggala Lagoon, Sri Lanka since construction of the groyne system　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
G. P. Amarasekara; Tilak Priyadarshana; Jagath Manatunge; Norio Tanaka; Gayan L. Gunaratne
Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society, 2014, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Field study on planted forests structures and their role in the protection against tsunamis: Experiences on the coastal border of Biobío Region, Chile　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Rolando Rodríguez; Pamela Encina; Miguel Espinosa; Norio Tanaka
Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 2014, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Efficacy of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans on attenuation of boat-generated waves under steep slope condition　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Trung L.V; Yagisawa J; Tanaka N
International Journal of Ocean and Water Resources, Volume：19, Number：2, First page：1103, Last page：1114, 2014, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Boulder transport by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami: Comprehensive field observations and whither model predictions?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
N. A. K. Nandasena; Norio Tanaka; Yasushi Sasaki; Masahiko Osada
MARINE GEOLOGY, Volume：346, Number：346, First page：292, Last page：309, Dec. 2013, [Reviewed]
Predicting the local size of a historic high-energy event from its boulders using numerical models is a challenging research topic. Modern high-energy events and their deposits are useful to validate these models; however, validating the accuracy of the results is difficult due to the scarcity of good datasets or the ambiguity of existing field data. Data on boulders transported by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami at coastal sites (Settai, Taro, and Karakuwa) on the northeast coast of Japan were compiled. Pre-tsunami locations and settings and transport distances were found from evidence such as photographs, aerial images, and the testimony of survivors. The estimated weight of the boulders analyzed ranged from 11 to as much as 167 t, while the transport distance varied from a few to up to 600 m. Modeling results predicted that the minimum limit of maximum flow velocity of the tsunami at the pre-tsunami locations of the boulders varied from 42 to 6.8 m/s. The measured maximum flow depths at Settai (17-18 m) and Taro (14m) were within the predicted range of flow depth when the Froude number= 1.0-1.5. Numerical model estimates for an older boulder (285 t) in Settai indicate that it was probably transported by a historical tsunami (1611 Keicho Sanriku event?) which may have been similar to or bigger than that of the 2011 event in the area. The maximum flow velocity could not have been less than 6.1 m/s, and if the boulder was transported to the present location by rolling, the flow velocity must have been within 7.5-23.7 m/s. Following systematic validation, the numerical modeling of boulder transport is proving promising for reconstructing the local magnitude of historical, high-energy events. Further improvements can be made with additional high quality field data from modem high-energy events. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.09.015
DOI ID：10.1016/j.margeo.2013.09.015, ISSN：0025-3227, eISSN：1872-6151, Web of Science ID：WOS:000328869900023

Effect of a combined position of coastal forest and embankment on the tree breakage and tsunami mitigation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Iimura, K; Tanaka, N; Ikeda, Y
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Volume：69, Number：2, First page：401, Last page：405, Nov. 2013, [Reviewed]
Coastal forest in large areas of the Tohoku and Kanto districts of Japan were destroyed by the Great East Japan tsunami on 11 March 2011. However, coastal forest had some ability to reduce the damage by a tsunami even when they were broken. The objective of this study is to estimate the tsunami mitigation when coastal forest was perfectly or partly broken, under the condition at which coastal forest and embankment co-exist. The tsunami mitigation effect becomes most significant, and the tree breakage ratio becomes smallest, when the embankment is on the land side, since tsunami which reduced by the embankment hits coastal forest. On the other hand, if coastal forest is in the sea side of the embankment, the breakage ratio becomes large and the tsunami mitigation effect becomes small, since tsunami hits coastal forest directly.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.69.I_401
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.69.I_401, ISSN：1884-2399, CiNii Articles ID：130004551106

DANGEROUS ZONE FORMATION BEHIND FINITE-LENGTH COASTAL FOREST FOR TSUNAMI MITIGATION　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Kosuke Iimura; Norio Tanaka
JOURNAL OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI, Volume：7, Number：4, First page：1350034, Last page：1350051, Nov. 2013, [Reviewed]
After the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, several studies quantitatively investigated the effects of coastal vegetation on tsunami mitigation, but the effects of a limited forest with a small aspect ratio on tsunami mitigation were not yet elucidated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate numerically the effect of the width-length ratio (aspect ratio) of a coastal forest on tsunami mitigation. Numerical simulations were performed using two-dimensional nonlinear long-wave equations that included bed resistance, drag, and turbulence-induced shear forces due to interaction with the forest. When a limited dense forest exists, the tsunami at the edge of the forest diffracts and collides behind the forest, and the fluid force becomes larger than the case without a forest. In particular, when the aspect ratio is from 1 to 4, the effect of a collision behind the forest becomes very great. However, if the aspect ratio is 4 or larger, the effect of a collision becomes smaller.
WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431113500346
DOI ID：10.1142/S1793431113500346, ISSN：1793-4311, eISSN：1793-7116, Web of Science ID：WOS:000327671000006

Dynamic growth model of river vegetation considering regeneration and expansion process of trees with changing magnitude of destruction　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Yagisawa, J; Tanaka, N; Fukuoka S
Advances in River Engineering, JSCE, Volume：19, First page：393, Last page：398, Jun. 2013, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Method for evaluating the re-forestation of excavated gravel bar considering deposition and washout of fine sand　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Yagisawa, J; Otsuka, S; Hirono, F; Takeshima, M
Advances in River Engineering, JSCE, Volume：19, First page：387, Last page：392, Jun. 2013, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Annual Changes in community dynamics of invertebrate in downstream riffle of Futase-dam and movability of bed material in low flow channel after artificial sand supply　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Furusato, E; Kimura, K
Advances in River Engineering, JSCE, Volume：19, First page：483, Last page：488, Jun. 2013, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Breaking pattern and critical breaking condition of Japanese pine trees on coastal sand dunes in huge tsunami caused by Great East Japan Earthquake　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Junji Yagisawa; Satoshi Yasuda
NATURAL HAZARDS, Volume：65, Number：1, First page：423, Last page：442, Jan. 2013
Coastal vegetation is widely recognized to reduce tsunami damage to people and buildings, and it has been studied recently because it requires relatively little capital investment compared with artificial measures, provides human-friendly beach fronts, and enhances inter-relationships with other ecological systems. However, the tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake at 14:46 JST on March 11, 2011, with a magnitude of 9.0 and epicenter 129 km east of Sendai, broke most of the sea wall (tsunami gates, large embankments) and caused catastrophic damage to coastal forests in the Tohoku and Kanto districts of Japan. A field survey was conducted to elucidate the critical breaking condition of Japanese coastal pine trees. Tree-trunk breakage was observed when the sea embankment was washed out or when there was no sea embankment and the tree was under strong inertia force or impact force by debris. Even though the trunk bending and breaking phenomena are different, statistical analysis showed that the critical diameters for trunk bending and trunk breaking were not very different. The overturning phenomenon is a little more complex than trunk breaking because the resistive force is a function of the substrate and root anchorage. An equation to determine the critical diameters for trunk bending, trunk breaking, and overturning was derived as a function of tsunami water depth, soil-root strength, and the hydrodynamic parameter (H (D) ) formulated by Froude number, drag coefficient, and the ratio of impact force to drag force considering the physical mechanisms to resist the tsunami. Trunk bending and breaking were closely related to tsunami water depth and the hydrodynamic parameter (H (D) ), but tree overturning was found to be more site specific, and the root-soil strength greatly affected the critical value. The proposed critical diameter equation and its coefficient are useful for the design of an inland forest of pine trees that can trap large trees, cars, debris, etc., to its breaking limit. The trapping function should be utilized more in the future designs of inland forests, if possible, on embankments.
SPRINGER, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0373-4
DOI ID：10.1007/s11069-012-0373-4, ISSN：0921-030X, eISSN：1573-0840, Web of Science ID：WOS:000312087100025

Effects of local scouring and saturation of soil due to flooding on maximum resistive bending moment for overturning Robinia pseudoacacia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
M. B. Samarakoon; Norio Tanaka; Junji Yagisawa
LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING, Volume：9, Number：1, First page：11, Last page：25, Jan. 2013, [Reviewed]
The effects on Robinia pseudoacacia (an exotic and invasive plant in Japanese rivers) of local scouring and saturation of the soil in the root-anchoring zone due to flooding were investigated. Scouring has been defined as the removal of substrate in the root-anchoring zone, exposing the tree roots. Tree-pulling experiments were conducted, simulating flood action, and the resulting damage was examined in order to assess the effect of local scouring on the maximum resistive bending moment (M (max)) for overturning. Scouring was artificially created to three different depths, 0, 25, and 50 cm. A nonlinear model was developed that included soil strength characteristics to calculate the critical overturning moment (M (cri)) under dry and saturated soil conditions. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) of M (max) with different tree and root-soil plate characteristics, such as diameter at breast height (D (bh)), tree weight, root depth, and root-soil plate radius, were developed in order to elucidate the effects of scouring on M (max). M (max) was slightly reduced with scouring depth for trees with D (bh) < 10 cm (small) trunks, and it was significantly and negatively (p < 0.05) correlated with scouring depth for trees with 10 < D (bh) < 20 cm (medium) trunks. However, M (max) did not change significantly with scouring depth for trees with a D (bh) > 20 cm (big) trunks. The nonlinear model was useful for determining the M (cri) of R. pseudoacacia under dry and saturated soil conditions. The overturning moments of all (small, medium, and big) trees were considerably reduced under the saturated soil condition. It could be concluded that medium-sized trees were greatly affected by scouring, and that small and big trees were mainly affected by saturation of the soil under severe flooding conditions.
SPRINGER JAPAN KK, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-011-0169-9
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-011-0169-9, ISSN：1860-1871, Web of Science ID：WOS:000313809900002

Boulder transport by high energy: Numerical model-fitting experimental observations　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
N. A. K. Nandasena; Norio Tanaka
OCEAN ENGINEERING, Volume：57, First page：163, Last page：179, Jan. 2013, [Reviewed]
A well-controlled experimental study was conducted to validate a numerical model of boulder transport by tsunamis. The model can simulate boulder transport due to sliding, rolling, and saltation. The boulders were modeled by cubic/rectangular blocks (flatness number varying from one to three) with different densities. The tsunami overland flow was simulated by the dam-break flow. The numerical model was capable of reproducing experimental observations fairly well. The difference between the modeling and experimental results was mainly attributed to secondary motions like swing and rotation due to both the variable friction and fluid forces applied to the blocks. The impact force generated when the flow front hit a block was modeled by a simple formula. Though it can increase the initial velocity of the block, its effect on the maximum transport distance was not significant. The maximum transport distance was sensitive to the lengths of axes and density of the block, density of the fluid, and coefficients of drag and friction. The pre-transport angle of a block affected the maximum transport distance. Placing the long axis of the block perpendicular to the fluid flow produced the maximum transport distance, while the minimum transport distance occurred when the long axis was parallel to the flow. An interaction effect was unavoidable if many boulders are transported together. The experimental results revealed that collisions of blocks of the same weight at the beginning of transport lead to different maximum transport distances. The higher the number of blocks, the greater the collision effect was. Even though the collision effect was very local and marginal, the effect on the maximum transport distance became more significant with an increasing number of blocks. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.09.012
DOI ID：10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.09.012, ISSN：0029-8018, Web of Science ID：WOS:000314488200015

Improvement of effectiveness of existing Casuarina equisetifolia forests in mitigating tsunami damage　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
M. B. Samarakoon; Norio Tanaka; Kosuke Iimura
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Volume：114, First page：105, Last page：114, Jan. 2013, [Reviewed]
Coastal vegetation can play a significant role in reducing the severity of a tsunami because the energy associated with the tsunami is dissipated when it passes through coastal vegetation. Field surveys were conducted on the eastern coastline of Sri Lanka to investigate which vegetation species are effective against a tsunami and to evaluate the effectiveness of existing Casuarina equisetifolia forests in tsunami mitigation. Open gaps in C equisetifolia forests were identified as a disadvantage, and introduction of a new vegetation belt in front or back of the existing C equisetifolia forest is proposed to reduce the disadvantages of the open gap. Among the many plant species encountered during the field survey, ten species were selected as effective for tsunami disaster mitigation. The selection of appropriate vegetation for the front or back vegetation layer was based on the vegetation thickness per unit area (dN(u)) and breaking moment of each species. A numerical model based on two-dimensional nonlinear long-wave equations was applied to explain the present situation of open gaps in C. equisetifolia forests, and to evaluate the effectiveness of combined vegetation systems. The results of the numerical simulation for existing conditions of C equisetifolia forests revealed that the tsunami force ratio (R = tsunami force with vegetation/tsunami force without vegetation) was 1.4 at the gap exit. The species selected for the front and back vegetation layers were Pandanus odoratissimus and Manilkara hexandra, respectively. A numerical simulation of the modified system revealed that R was reduced to 0.7 in the combined P. odoratissimus and C. equisetifolia system. However, the combination of C. equisetifolia and M. hexandra did not effectively reduce R at the gap exit. Therefore, P. odoratissimus as the front vegetation layer is proposed to reduce the disadvantages of the open gaps in existing C equisetifolia forests. The optimal width of P. odoratissimus (W-1) calculated from the numerical simulation was W-1 = 10 m. R at the exit of a 15-m-wide open gap was 0.8, and therefore the proposed system was appropriate for cases with the highest velocity at the gap exit as well. Establishment of a new front vegetation layer except for open gaps that are essential, such as access roads to the beach, is proposed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.050
DOI ID：10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.050, ISSN：0301-4797, eISSN：1095-8630, Web of Science ID：WOS:000314371700011

Comparison of the effects of coastal forest and those of sea embankment on reducing the washout region of houses in the tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Yasuda, S; Iimura, K; Yagisawa, J
Journal of Hydro-environmental Research, 2013, [Reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Return period of flood disturbance that increases diversity on gravel bars in middle stream of rivers　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Kasun De Silva; Norio Tanaka; Junji Yagisawa
Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Volume：11, Number：1, 2013, [Reviewed]
Although medium-class flood disturbance is highly correlated with diversity of vegetated area of river habitat, it is still not clearly defined due to its complexity. To describe flood disturbance characteristics, two indices, breakage or overturning index and washout index, are used to express the breaking condition of trees and washout condition of trees and grasses. The relationship between diversity index of vegetated area (DI), calculated using vegetation species maps, and flood disturbance index (Ii), which represents the expected value of different flood disturbances, was investigated on four gravel bars in the Karasugawa River, Japan. The flood disturbance indices in Region A (high possibility to be a forest) and Region E (high possibility to be a bare area, as defined in this study) are identified as indicators for medium-class flood disturbance in this study. Moreover, this study confirms the results of previous studies on the Arakawa and Tamagawa Rivers, Japan, and their applicability to other rivers. In addition, the relationship between flood disturbance and DI in Region A or E explains the effect of flow regulation by construction of dams and weirs in river upstream on the downstream river habitat. Furthermore, based on the observed data and calculated results related to the possibility of vegetation and bare area on gravel bars in all investigated rivers, a range of flood return periods for medium-class flood disturbance for habitats on gravel bars was defined as 3–12.5 years, where the lower and upper values are related to the possibility of the presence of vegetation and the possibility of being a bare area, respectively.
Springer Tokyo, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-013-0229-4
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-013-0229-4, ISSN：1860-188X, SCOPUS ID：84883454156

Numerical simulation estimating effects of tree density distribution in coastal forest on tsunami mitigation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Kosuke Iimura; Norio Tanaka
OCEAN ENGINEERING, Volume：54, First page：223, Last page：232, Nov. 2012, [Reviewed]
After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, several studies. quantitatively investigated the effects of coastal vegetation on mitigating tsunami, but the effects of the tree density distribution in a forest on the tsunami-force reduction have not been elucidated yet. This study was conducted to investigate the tsunami mitigation effects of vegetation by changing the density distribution in a forest model. A one-dimensional numerical model using Boussinesq-type equations including porosity of vegetation and its drag and inertia forces was developed. Laboratory experiments were carried out in a wave channel, and vegetation was modeled simply by wooden cylinders. The applicability of the numerical model was confirmed by good agreement with experimental results. In uniform arrangement, even with the same dn (where d=diameter of a cylinder, n=number of cylinders in the streamwise direction per unit of cross-stream width), the velocity behind the vegetation was reduced by about 17% as the tree density increased about 25 times. In combined arrangements of cylinders with different densities, the velocity behind the vegetation was reduced by about 8% as the tree density increased about 8 times. Denser vegetation increased the reflection, and the resistance by vegetation increased because the water surface slope in vegetated region increased. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.07.025
DOI ID：10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.07.025, ISSN：0029-8018, Web of Science ID：WOS:000309619500021

Modeling field observations of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami: Efficacy of artificial and natural structures on tsunami mitigation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
N. A. K. Nandasena; Yasushi Sasaki; Norio Tanaka
COASTAL ENGINEERING, Volume：67, First page：1, Last page：13, Sep. 2012, [Reviewed]
Damage to embankments and forests along the coast of the northeast Japan by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami was observed at twenty-five locations covering a length of about 340 km. A modified two-dimensional depth-integrated shallow water model was applied to analyze the tsunami mitigation by the artificial and natural structures at two coastal sites: Misawa, a site with vegetated dune, and Hachinohe, a site with seawall and coastal vegetation. In addition to configuration of the real sites, a few hypothetical cases were tested with alternative arrangements of these structures to identify their contribution towards tsunami mitigation. The numerical results revealed that the vegetated dune in Misawa was the primary reason for the mitigation of the tsunami and that the shape of access roads (straight or crooked) through the vegetation to the coast had a great effect on the variation of flow velocity increment compared to in the absence of vegetation. An asymmetry in the damage to the vegetation was observed at Hachinohe, where the vegetation behind the seawall was undamaged and the vegetation that was not shielded from the seawall was damaged. The simulation results showed that diversion of the tsunami flow by the seawall supported creation of a higher moment (4-2 kNm) of the vegetation compared to the places behind the seawall (less than 0.2 kNm). The actual flow velocity and Froude number of the wave front at the Sendai Plain were calculated from video footage. The average flow velocity 1 km inland was 6.2 m/s, and the corresponding Froude number was ca. 1.14-1.4. The values are comparable with the maximum Froude number at the time the tsunami hit the shore at Misawa and Hachinohe, which was determined by the modeling to be ca. 1.5. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.03.009
DOI ID：10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.03.009, ISSN：0378-3839, Web of Science ID：WOS:000306026700001

Tsunami mitigation by coastal vegetation considering the effect of tree breaking　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Nguyen Ba Thuy; Norio Tanaka; Katsutoshi Tanimoto
JOURNAL OF COASTAL CONSERVATION, Volume：16, Number：1, First page：111, Last page：121, Mar. 2012, [Reviewed]
Damage to vegetation by tsunami moment and reduction of potential tsunami force are discussed based on a numerical simulation. A numerical model based on two-dimensional nonlinear long-wave equations that include drag forces and turbulence-induced shear force due to the presence of vegetation was developed to estimate tree breaking. The numerical model was then applied to a coastal forest where two dominant tropical vegetation species, Pandanus odoratissimus and Casuarina equisetifolia, were considered. The threshold water depth for tree breaking increased with increasing forest width, and the analysis was consistent with the field investigation results that the critical tsunami water depth for breaking is around 80% of the tree height for P. odoratissimus. C. equisetifolia is stronger than P. odoratissimus against tsunami action, but P. odoratissimus can reduce a greater tsunami force than C. equisetifolia due to its complex of aerial root structures. Even if breakage occurs, P. odoratissimus still has high potential to reduce the tsunami force due to its dense aerial root structures. Previous numerical models that do not include the breaking phenomena may overestimate the vegetation effect for reducing tsunami force. The combination of P. odoratissimus and C. equisetifolia is recommended as a vegetation bioshield to protect coastal areas from tsunami hazards.
SPRINGER, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-011-0179-7
DOI ID：10.1007/s11852-011-0179-7, ISSN：1400-0350, Web of Science ID：WOS:000300888500011

APPLICABILITY OF QUASI-THREE DIMENSIONAL FLOW ANALYSIS CONSIDERING RIVER BED VARIATION AND WASHOUT AND BREAKING CONDITION DURING A FLOOD　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
MORINAGA Taiji; YAGISAWA Junji; TANAKA Norio; UCHIDA Tatsuhiko
Advances in River Engineering, Volume：18, First page：77, Last page：82, 2012
For the management of river channel, it is very important to estimate correctly the change of river bed topography at a flood event. However, the bed variation is quite difficult to predict for the river where forestation occurs because of the change of vegetation resistance during a flood. The new method is proposed in this study to evaluate the bed variation around a forest on a gravel bar at large flood event. River bed variation analysis was conducted for the middle stream region of Arakawa River using quasi-three dimensional flow model combined with the new method that includes the washout and breaking condition of trees. Observed amount of bed variation was reproduced well by the model considering the washout and breaking condition of trees during a flood. On the other hand, the difference is small on the calculated river bed variation between the quasi-three dimensional and two-dimensional method. This result indicates that the improvement of vegetation resistance change during a flood event is important for the accurate evaluation of river bed variation at a large flood event that can washout or break trees.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.11532/river.18.0_77
DOI ID：10.11532/river.18.0_77, eISSN：2436-6714

Effect of coastal forest and washout houses on the damage to houses by a tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; YAGISAWA Junji; IIMURA Kosuke; KONDO Kota
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering), Volume：68, Number：2, First page：I_301, Last page：I_305, 2012
Coastal forests in large areas of the Tohoku and Kanto districts of Japan were destroyed by the tsunami after the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011. A non-linear long wave model that includes the breaking and washout condition of trees and houses estimates the capacity of a coastal forest with 590m in width to reduce the moment of fluid force behind forest and the washout region of houses by around 110m. On the other hand, even the washed out sea embankment has been found to contribute for reducing the washout region of houses by 1520m. Washed out houses applied additional drag force on downstream houses, however it also reduces the washout region by 510m because of the resistance to tsunami current even after the houses were broken and floated.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.68.i_301
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.68.i_301, ISSN：1884-2399, eISSN：1883-8944, CiNii Articles ID：130004550783, CiNii Books ID：AA12508551

TSUNAMI PROPAGATION IN RIVERS AND OVERTOPPING FROM RIVER EMBANKMENT AFTER THE GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; YAGISAWA Junji; SATO Masayuki; HOSOGAYA Yoh
Advances in River Engineering, Volume：18, First page：357, Last page：362, 2012
The tsunami caused by the Great Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011, broke most of the sea embankment and coastal vegetation belt and caused catastrophic damage to people and buildings in the Tohoku and Kanto regions of Japan. Field surveys were conducted to elucidate the damage to river embankments and their hinterlands (residential area) by tsunami propagation in river channels and overtopping of embankments. Ten rivers were selected for the field investigation. In the hinterlands where overtopping occurred, the tsunami came from two directions, coast and river. It is necessary to identify locations of river embankments that can be easily overtopped by a tsunami in different tsunami conditions, river morphology and inland embankment of roads or trains. Tsunami inundation patterns were classified by the river capacity and whether a river or sea embankment was breached or not. This will provide useful information for making new hazard maps and planning new cities. Numerical simulation in Abukumagawa River shows the clear relationship between the scoured area and the tsunami overtopping time.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.11532/river.18.0_357
DOI ID：10.11532/river.18.0_357, eISSN：2436-6714

METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE FORESTATION ON GRAVEL BARS IN RIVERS CONSIDERING SEDIMENT DEPOSITION INDEX　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
YAGISAWA Junji; TANAKA Norio; FUKUOKA Shoji
Advances in River Engineering, Volume：18, First page：65, Last page：70, 2012
For evaluating the possibility of forestation in gravel bed bars, sediment deposition index (SDI) was derived considering the characteristic of flood hydrograph. The applicability of this index was validated in the middle stream reach of the Oppe River and the down stream reach of the Tamagawa River. Before and after typhoon No.12 and 15 on 2011, field investigations were conducted on gravel bars in Tamagawa and Oppe River. For above two floods, river flow was analyzed by two-dimensional depth-averaged Reynolds equations, and SDI and WOI (Washout index proposed by Tanaka et al. (2010)) were calculated. Calculated SDI in numerical simulation and situation of sand deposition on observed gravel bars were compared. When the critical value of SDI was considered to be 0.7, SDI could express well the sand deposition situation on observed gravel bars. By using SDI-WOI plot, vegetated situation of grass type vegetation on gravel bars in Tamagawa River was classified well. Grass type vegetation has been found to grow only on where SDI is larger than 0.7 and WOI is smaller than 1.4. These results indicated SDI-WOI plot proposed in this study has some possibility to evaluate the location that grass type vegetation can grow easily.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.11532/river.18.0_65
DOI ID：10.11532/river.18.0_65, eISSN：2436-6714

Effects of root architecture, physical tree characteristics, and soil shear strength on maximum resistive bending moment for overturning Salix babylonica and Juglans ailanthifolia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; M. B. Samarakoon; Junji Yagisawa
LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING, Volume：8, Number：1, First page：69, Last page：79, Jan. 2012
Effects of root architecture, physical tree characteristics, and soil shear strength on overturning moment due to flooding were investigated using Salix babylonica and Juglans ailanthifolia, exotic and invasive plants in Japanese rivers. Tree-pulling experiments that simulated flood action were conducted, and the resulting damage was examined to assess the effects of physical tree characteristics and root architecture on the maximum resistive bending moment (M (max)) for overturning. In situ soil shear strength tests were conducted to measure soil strength parameters. The effects of species differences on the M (max) were examined by analyzing root architecture. S. babylonica has a heart-root system that produces a greater overturning moment due to the strong root anchorage and the large amount of substrate that must be mobilized during overturning. J. ailanthifolia has a plate-root system that produces a smaller overturning moment. However, trees with the plate-root system may withstand overturning better due to an increased root:shoot ratio. The results of the study show that the M (max) of a tree for overturning had significant (P < 0.05) correlations with a tree's physical characteristics, including height (H), trunk diameter at breast height (D (bh)), D (bh) (2) , height multiplied by the second power of D (bh) (trunk volume index H x D (bh) (2) ), and root-soil plate depth (R (d)), and root-soil plate radius (R (r)). Considering the strategy of J. ailanthifolia to increase the root:shoot ratio for anchoring in the substrate, the trunk volume index (H x D (bh) (2) ) is a better parameter than D (bh) (2) because it indirectly involves the difference in below-ground volume and surface area. Different soil cohesion values were found at different experimental sites, and the average M (max) for overturning each species decreased linearly with increasing soil cohesion.
SPRINGER TOKYO, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-011-0151-6
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-011-0151-6, ISSN：1860-1871, Web of Science ID：WOS:000298610300007

Index of medium-class flood disturbance for increasing diversity of vegetation area at gravel bars or islands in middle of rivers　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Junji Yagisawa
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT, Volume：10, Number：3, First page：255, Last page：267, 2012
To elucidate the relationship between biodiversity on gravel islands in a river and flood disturbance characteristics, wash-out conditions of trees and perennial grasses and breaking conditions of trees were analysed and the applicability of these indices was investigated. Two indexes are defined to express breaking and wash-out conditions of trees, breaking or overturning index (BOI) and wash-out index (WOI), respectively, and one index, WOI50, is used to express the removal condition of annual grasses. Using WOI, WOI50, and BOI, this study classified the habitats on gravel islands into five regions. The relationship between the diversity of vegetation area calculated by the vegetation species map in this study, and the flood disturbance index, a kind of probability expectation value of area for each region integrated from 2- to 40-year return periods of floods disturbance, was analysed on six gravel islands in the Arakawa and Tamagawa rivers. Within the five regions (Regions A-E), important trends were found for three regions. The diversity of vegetated areas in the gravel river habitat increased with increasing I-d, the flood disturbance index in Region D, which expresses a flood disturbance that can break trees and move medium-size gravel. However, the diversity index has peak values for I-a and I-e, the flood disturbance indices in Regions A and E, respectively, where I-a can express the immobility of gravels and lack of damage to trees and I-e can express the mobility of large-size gravel and the wash-out condition of vegetation. The indices I-a and I-e may describe a medium-class disturbance to the habitat on gravel islands in the middle of a river.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2012.681661
DOI ID：10.1080/15715124.2012.681661, ISSN：1571-5124, eISSN：1814-2060, Web of Science ID：WOS:000212537000004

Characteristics of damage due to tsunami propagation in river channels and overflow of their embankments in Great East Japan Earthquake　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Junji Yagisawa; Satoshi Yasuda
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT, Volume：10, Number：3, First page：269, Last page：279, 2012
The tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011, with a magnitude of 9.0, broke most of the sea embankment and coastal vegetation belt and caused catastrophic damage to people and buildings in the Tohoku and Kanto regions of Japan. A field survey was conducted to elucidate the damage to river embankments and their hinterlands (residential area) by tsunami propagation in river channels and overtopping of embankments. Two, three, and four rivers in Iwate Pref., Miyagi Pref., and the Kanto region, respectively, were selected for the field investigation. In the hinterlands, the tsunami came from two directions, coast and river, and the situation, including the evacuation of people, became complex. Therefore, it is necessary to identify locations of river embankments that can be easily overtopped by a tsunami in different tsunami conditions. Tsunami inundation patterns were classified by the river capacity and whether a river or sea embankment was breached or not. This will provide useful information for making new hazard maps and planning new cities.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2012.694365
DOI ID：10.1080/15715124.2012.694365, ISSN：1571-5124, eISSN：1814-2060, Web of Science ID：WOS:000212537000005

Numerical assessment of boulder transport by the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami in Lhok Nga, West Banda Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
N. A. K. Nandasena; Raphael Paris; Norio Tanaka
COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES, Volume：37, Number：9, First page：1391, Last page：1399, Sep. 2011, [Reviewed]
Few studies have been conducted on modeling boulder transport by tsunamis despite considerable research on the analysis of boulder deposits. A detailed description of the derivation of governing equations for boulder transport in submerged, partially submerged, and subaerial (not in contact with fluid) is presented, and then a numerical model is proposed to solve the governing equations in one dimension. Subsequently, the model is used to analyze the transport of calcareous boulders detached from a seawall in Lhok Nga (northwestern Sumatra, Indonesia) by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. A few simulated transport distances match field observations, but the others are higher than the field measurements. Clast-to-clast interactions at the inception of transport would have a major impact on changes in transport distance, dissipating the energy in impulses as destruction of the seawall releases different sizes of boulders with different velocities. Moreover, surface microtopographical effects could completely stop the transport prematurely. The difference between the simulated results and the field observations is partly attributed to limitations of the numerical model. No landward fining was observed in the field measurements, but numerically predicted results showed a reasonable trend of landward fining. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.02.001
DOI ID：10.1016/j.cageo.2011.02.001, ISSN：0098-3004, Web of Science ID：WOS:000295201500020

Reassessment of hydrodynamic equations: Minimum flow velocity to initiate boulder transport by high energy events (storms, tsunamis)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
N. A.K. Nandasena; Raphaël Paris; Norio Tanaka
Marine Geology, Volume：281, Number：1-4, First page：70, Last page：84, Mar. 2011, [Reviewed]
Coastal boulders are good evidence of high-energy events, but the distinction between storm and tsunami boulders remains difficult to identify and mathematical models are still in their preliminary stages. In a pioneering contribution, Nott (1997, 2003) developed hydrodynamic equations to assess the minimum wave height required to initiate transport of a coastal boulder by tsunamis or storm surges. These equations are widely cited and used, but they can be improved. In this study, Nott's equations have been revised: (1) the equation for the submerged boulder scenario has been revised by rearranging the lift area of the lift force, (2) the subaerial boulder scenario has been reconsidered by rearranging lift area and omitting inappropriate use of inertia force, and (3) the joint bounded scenario was revised by balancing force components in the lifting direction, and the effect of slope at the pre-transport location is tested. Calculations are performed for four case studies: boulders in Western and Eastern Australia (data after Nott, 1997, 2003), boulders in southeastern Italy (data after Scicchitano et al., 2007), storm boulders in Iceland (data after Etienne and Paris, 2010), and 2004 tsunami boulders in Sumatra (data after Paris et al., 2009). The minimum flow velocity required to initiate the transport of submerged boulders in the revised equation is less than that in Nott's equation (e.g., reductions up to 56% for submerged boulders and 65% for joint bounded blocks). The minimum flow velocity required to initiate the transport of subaerial boulders from the revised equation also differed in comparison with Nott's equation (e.g., 4-22% for boulders detached from a seawall by the 2004 tsunami in Sumatra), while Nott's equation was not applicable to some boulders (e.g., beach rock boulders transported from the nearshore by the 2004 tsunami). If we consider a joint bounded scenario for storm boulders in Iceland, the minimum flow velocity differs -43 to +41% from the results from Nott's equation. A boulder transport histogram is then introduced to represent the range of flow velocity that satisfies the requirements for initial transport of a boulder in different modes: sliding, rolling, and saltation. The boulder transport histogram can be used to predict the possible initial transport mode of a boulder from the flow velocity. These theoretical results are compared to field data, thus suggesting the initial transport mode of boulders and their pre-transport locations. The boulder transport histogram would be a valuable tool to reconstruct the magnitude of prehistoric high energy events such as tsunamis or storm surges in terms of flow velocity. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.02.005
DOI ID：10.1016/j.margeo.2011.02.005, ISSN：0025-3227, SCOPUS ID：79952817656

Impact of rubble mound groyne structural interventions in restoration of Koggala lagoon, Sri Lanka; numerical modelling approach　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Gayan Lakendra Gunaratne; Norio Tanaka; G. P. Amarasekara; Tilak Priyadarshana; Jagath Manatunge
JOURNAL OF COASTAL CONSERVATION, Volume：15, Number：1, First page：113, Last page：121, Mar. 2011, [Reviewed]
Physical processes of the lagoon are influenced by structural interventions. Understanding the complex reality of physical processes sometimes difficult with field observations thus a model provides a simplified abstract view. Two dimensional hydrodynamic model is used to describe, restoration efforts to Koggala lagoon, a combined freshwater and estuarine complex of rich ecosystem on the southern coast of Sri Lanka. The lagoon mouth was naturally closed by a sand bar which controlled the seawater intrusion. Due to large-scale sand removal at lagoon mouth, formation of the sandbar shifted towards the lagoon. After the removal of natural sand barrier, rubble mound groyne structures were built to avoid sand deposition in the lagoon and to protect the highway bridge from the sea wave attack. Construction of the groyne resulted in the lagoon mouth being permanently open which in turn led to many environmental problems with saline intrusion. The aim of this study is to evaluate the current situation of the lagoon and propose alternative structural interventions for minimization of seawater intrusion and subsequently improve lagoon ecosystem. Hydrological parameters were investigated and mathematical models for hydrodynamic behavior of the lagoon were applied in order to describe the lagoon physical processes and flow characteristics. Existing rubble mound structures were redesigned in order to minimize the seawater intrusion. Numerical simulations were carried out for two different mouth widths (40 m and 20 m) with appropriate structural interventions. Existing salting factor for the lagoon is 0.68 and numerical simulation results showed salting factor for 40 m and 20 m openings are 0.61 and 0.54 respectively. This shows the mouth width can be reduced up to 20 m in order to obtain a slating factor close to 0.5, which indicates the predominant influence of fresh water which in turn leads lagoon to a fresh water ecosystem.
SPRINGER, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-010-0125-0
DOI ID：10.1007/s11852-010-0125-0, ISSN：1400-0350, Web of Science ID：WOS:000289363900010

INDEX FOR EXPRESSIING VEGETATION BREAKAGE AND WASHOUT BY FLOOD DISTURBANCE AND HIGHLY CORRELATED WITH BIODIVERSITY ON GRAVEL-BED BARS　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; YAGISAWA Junji; KIKUJI Yu; SATO Takanori; FUKUOKA Shouji
Advances in River Engineering, Volume：17, First page：227, Last page：232, 2011
For elucidating the relationship between flood disturbance and biodiversity of vegetation in gravel bed bars, Breakage or Overturning Index (BOI) and Wash-Out Index (WOI) were derived considering the difference of vegetation breaking phenomena due to floods, i.e. trunk breakage or overturning, and wash-out of trees or grass, respectively. Coupling the two indices, the method for classifying the river habitat into five, not tree breaking and not washout (Region A), tree breaking and not washout (Region B), not tree breaking and washout (annual grass) (Region C), tree breaking and washout (annual grass) (Region D), and washout of all vegetation (Region E), is proposed. The condition at which WOI is larger than 0.5, and WOI is less than one, is correlated with the Shannon-Wiener index at three gravel-bed bars in the Arakawa River, Japan. Especially, when BOI is larger than one, the biodiversity is increased. For Region A and E, the trend is assumed to be affected by the duration after flood. The proposed index for Region D has possibilities to express middle class disturbance that is closely related to the biodiversity at the habitat.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.11532/river.17.0_227
DOI ID：10.11532/river.17.0_227, eISSN：2436-6714

Wetland plant dynamics　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; S. K. Weragoda
Wetlands for Tropical Applications: Wastewater Treatment by Constructed Wetlands, First page：47, Last page：68, Jan. 2011, [Reviewed]
Imperial College Press, English, In book
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1142/9781848162983_0004
DOI ID：10.1142/9781848162983_0004, SCOPUS ID：84986550201

Coastal vegetation planting projects for tsunami disaster mitigation: effectiveness evaluation of new establishments　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; K. B. S. N. Jinadasa; M. I. M. Mowjood; M. S. M. Fasly
LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING, Volume：7, Number：1, First page：127, Last page：135, Jan. 2011, [Reviewed]
Coastal vegetation acts as a natural barrier against extreme natural and anthropogenic activities, protecting infrastructure and human lives. Establishment of hard infrastructure for tsunami protection is not feasible in developing countries due to its cost-intensive nature. Coastal vegetation can therefore be a feasible alternative for tsunami and general coastal protection in developing countries. This study investigates the effectiveness of current coastal vegetation projects and reports a pilot-scale vegetation project, which provides insights into the management and sustainability of such projects. Thirty-seven establishments of coastal vegetation for tsunami protection were identified for the study from Hambantota to Colombo along the southern coast in Sri Lanka. Evaluation was carried out to assess whether the coastal vegetation establishments fulfilled the planning objectives, such as vegetation alignment to tsunami direction, tree density and tree species, and whether monoculture or mixed species are grown. The study also assessed continuous maintenance and awareness about coastal vegetation, community participation and long-term institutional support from government, nongovernment groups, academic institutions, and other institutions within an integrated framework. Approximately 50% of the sites were found to be effective in terms of fulfilling the above requirements and had reasonable protection against future tsunami-type events. Continuous maintenance is ensured only for 35% of sites with community participation. The survey also revealed the importance of adopting scientific and nonscientific methods of vegetation establishment and selecting appropriate species and structure of vegetation strips for tsunami protection. It is expected that this will lead to the development of coastal vegetation guidelines for local authorities.
SPRINGER TOKYO, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-010-0122-3
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-010-0122-3, ISSN：1860-1871, Web of Science ID：WOS:000286835800014

Flow structures and sedimentation characteristics around clump-type vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Junji Yagisawa
JOURNAL OF HYDRO-ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, Volume：4, Number：1, First page：15, Last page：25, Apr. 2010
Models comprising 7, 19, 37, or 61 equally spaced circular cylinders in a staggered hexagon-shape arrangement were mounted on a water-flume bed, and the characteristics of flow structures in uniform flow around the models were investigated to elucidate the effects of number, density, and the emergent or submerged condition of the cylinders as a model of clump-type roughness. Drag force was measured with changing both the relative optical gap (G/D) and relative height (h/H), where G is the optical gap between neighboring cylinders in cross-section, D is the cylinder diameter, h is the model height, and H is the water depth, and the drag coefficient C-d was calculated. The flow structure around the clump-type roughness models and the drag coefficients changed greatly with changing G/D. The number of cylinders in the clump-type model greatly affected the value of C-d when G/D was large, because the sheltering effect is changed with the number. Flow structures changed around G/D >1. The C-d in the emergent condition became slightly larger than that in the submerged condition but was not much changed in comparison with the G/D. Sedimentation around and behind vegetation was investigated in the field after a flood event. When the vegetation density was high (G/D < 0.5-1), such as with willow (Sa subfragilis) or dense grass (Eragrostis curvula, a clump-type vegetation), sedimentation occurred behind the vegetation region. When the vegetation density was low (G/D > 1), such as with Robinia pseudoacacia or Phragmites japonica, it occured inside the vegetation region. The flume experiment and field study indicate that the flow pattern changes depending on the G/D with a wide range of Reynolds numbers and that it affects the sedimentation pattern at an actual flood event. (C) 2009 International Association for Hydro-environment Engineering and Research, Asia Pacific Division. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2009.11.002
DOI ID：10.1016/j.jher.2009.11.002, ISSN：1570-6443, eISSN：1876-4444, Web of Science ID：WOS:000281648600003

EFFECTS OF SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH AND ROOT ARCHITECTURE ON MAXIMUM RESISTIVE BENDING MOMENT FOR OVERTURNING　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; YAGISAWA Junji; SAMARAKOON Methsiri; SASAKI Yasushi; TONEGAWA Makoto
Advances in River Engineering, Volume：16, First page：225, Last page：230, 2010
Tree pulling experiments that simulated flood action were conducted using Salix babylonica and Juglans ailanthifolia, exotic and invasive trees in Japanese rivers.. The resulting damage was examined in order to assess the effects of physical tree characteristics and root architecture on the maximum resistive bending moment (M_max) for overturning. In situ soil shear strength tests were conducted in order to measure soil strength parameters. Significantly correlated (p<0.05) non-linear relationships were found between M_max and tree characteristics, and H*D ² provided the best predictor of the Mwithin them. Non-linear models were fitted between M_max and D_bh for each species. The more efficient root architecture to withstand overturning is the heart-root system of S. babylonica, and the plate-root system of J. ailanthifolia is less efficient not with the same breast height diameter but with the same root volume. The average M_max of S. babylonica for overturning each species decreased linearly with increasing soil cohesion within the experimental range because root anchoring depth is restricted with increasing the soil cohesion.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.11532/river.16.0_225
DOI ID：10.11532/river.16.0_225, eISSN：2436-6714

METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE DYNAMICS OF FOREST IN RIVERS CONSIDERING TWO INDICES REPRESENTING THE BREAKING AND WASH-OUT CONDITIONS OF TREES ON GRAVEL-BED BARS　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; YAGISAWA Junji; FUKUOKA Shoji
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B, Volume：66, Number：4, First page：359, Last page：370, 2010
For evaluating the possibility of forestation in gravel bed bars, Breakage or Overturning Index (BOI) and Wash-Out Index (WOI) were derived considering the difference of tree breaking phenomena due to floods, i.e. trunk breakage or overturning, and wash-out of trees, respectively in this study. Coupling the two indices, the method for classifying the river habitat into four, not breaking and not washout (Region A), breaking and not washout (Region B), not breaking and washout (Region C), and breaking and washout (Region D), is proposed. The applicability of the two indices, BOI and WOI, were validated in the middle stream reach of the Arakawa River and the down stream from the upper stream reach of the Tamagawa River. In addition, in seven locations where relative height from ordinary water level is different, the breaking modes of trees were classified in the BOI-WOI plot considering floods with different return periods. There are two patterns for the dynamics of plots with flood return period in the BOI-WOI figure. One is changed from Region A to Region D (Pattern I), and the second is changed from Region A to Region B (Pattern II). In Pattern II, trees are not washed out even though they are damaged. Then, the location has high possibility to be a stable forest. Therefore, the countermeasure for preventing the forestation should be considered to change the habitat from Pattern II to Pattern I.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejb.66.359
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejj.23-00264_references_DOI_ZjZHof5RltazodfDip0JRZp1OiA
DOI ID：10.2208/jscejb.66.359, eISSN：1880-6031, CiNii Articles ID：130004468118

地盤強度と根の形状特性が樹木転倒限界に与える影響について
田中規夫; 八木澤順治
Volume：第16巻, First page：225, Last page：230, 2010, [Reviewed]
Scientific journal

Flood wash-out conditions of an exotic and invasive plant, Eragrostis curvula, in Arakawa River, Japan　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Junji Yagisawa; Norio Tanaka
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT, Volume：8, Number：1, First page：15, Last page：24, 2010
The effect of an exotic and invasive plant, Eragrostis curvula, on the threshold of gravel movement and wash-out conditions of the plant due to flood was investigated in the midstream Arakawa River, Japan. Under various hydraulic conditions (grain diameter, bed slope, and water depth) and plant growth characteristics (clump diameter and plant density), the Shields parameter of the gravel in the plant-vegetated area was estimated using the drag characteristics of the plant measured directly in field and wind tunnel experiments, and the plant's effect on friction velocity was evaluated. The removal threshold of E. curvula could be defined when the friction velocity around the plants was equal to the critical friction velocity of d(84) grain diameter at which 84% volume passed through the sieve. The threshold condition was found to be well expressed by the relationship between the bed slope direction component of the water weight and the drag characteristics due to the plant MDc1.5, where M is the plant density and D-c the clump diameter of E. curvula.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/15715121003715057
DOI ID：10.1080/15715121003715057, ISSN：1571-5124, eISSN：1814-2060, Web of Science ID：WOS:000212527900003

Bending Moment on a Tree (Pandanus odoratissimus) due to Tsunami Flow around Edge of Coastal Forest　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
THUY N. B.; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi; TANAKA Norio; HARADA Kenji; IIMURA Kosuke
PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPANESE CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ENGINEERING, Volume：66, Number：1, First page：276, Last page：280, 2010
Pandanus odoratissimus grown on sandy beach is considered as effective tree species providing tsunami mitigation due to its density and complex aerial root structure, but it is not strong enough to preclude the risk of breaking by action of high tsunami. In the present paper, the bending moment acting at a critical position (top of aerial root) of mature P. odoratissimus around edge of coastal forest has been investigated by numerical simulations. The bending moment is greatly influenced by forest condition (forest width and tree density) as well as tsunami conditions (period and height) and was formulated in the non-dimensional form for three representative points including the front corner of forest. The bending moment calculated by the curve-fit formula agrees with the simulated bending moment within 10% error.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.66.276
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.66.276, ISSN：1884-2399, CiNii Articles ID：130004956564, CiNii Books ID：AA12508551

Tsunami Mitigation Effects by the Combination of Vegetation with Different Tree Density　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
IIMURA Kosuke; TANAKA Norio; HARADA Kenji; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi
PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPANESE CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ENGINEERING, Volume：66, Number：1, First page：281, Last page：285, 2010
There are many types of coastal vegetation. However, the tsunami mitigation effects in relation to the tree density distribution in a forest have not been investigated yet. The objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the tsunami mitigation effects by the combination of vegetation with different tree density under the same vegetation thickness (dn). Vegetation is modeled by circular cylinders and arranged in a wave channel with slope. In the experiments, water level, velocity, force and run-up height are measured. When tree density is dense, the run-up height and maximum velocity behind vegetation become smaller than the sparse case. This implies that the coastal vegetation for tsunami mitigation should be as dense as possible, even if the vegetation thickness is the same.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.66.281
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.66.281, ISSN：1884-2399, CiNii Articles ID：130004956565

Restoration of Koggala lagoon: Modelling approach in evaluating lagoon water budget and flow characteristics　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Gayan Lakendra Gunaratne; Norio Tanaka; Prasanna Amarasekara; Tilak Priyadarshana; Jagath Manatunge
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, Volume：22, Number：6, First page：813, Last page：819, 2010, [Reviewed]
Groyne system modification is described related to restoration efforts to Koggala lagoon, Sri Lanka. The large-scale unplanned sand removal at the lagoon mouth shifted the formation of sand bar towards the lagoon and made adverse effects on its ecosystem. After the removal of the natural sand bar, groyne system was constructed to avoid sand deposition in the lagoon and to protect the highway bridge (across the lagoon outlet channel) from the wave attack. The existing groyne system resulted the lagoon mouth being permanently open to sea which in turn led to many environmental problems. Groyne system modification is proposed in this study to reduce the sea water intrusion. Water budget and two-dimensional depth averaged hydrodynamic model were developed for understanding the hydrologic and flow characteristics of the lagoon. Numerical experiments was performed at lagoon mouth area for two cases: (1) existing condition and (2) proposed rubble mound groyne system condition. Comparison of results was obtained for both cases to describe flow pattern at lagoon mouth. Results further showed, the width should be reduced to a maximum of 40 m. Proposed mouth width (40 m) pushed the salting factor towards 0.5 from 0.68. Salting factor reduction with the groyne modification may result a predominant influence of fresh water which may in turn lead lagoon to a fresh water ecosystem.
SCIENCE PRESS, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60182-0
DOI ID：10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60182-0, ISSN：1001-0742, eISSN：1878-7320, Web of Science ID：WOS:000278834400004

Efficiency of coconut coir-pith as an alternative substrate in the treatment of submerged macrophyte wetland systems in tropical conditions　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
S. K. Weragoda; N. Tanaka; B. G. N. Sewwandi; M. I. M. Mowjood
CHEMISTRY AND ECOLOGY, Volume：26, Number：6, First page：445, Last page：452, 2010, [Reviewed]
The effects of coconut coir-pith as an alternative substrate material in submerged macrophyte wetland systems were investigated in three similar pilot-scale wetlands (WL1, WL2 and WL3) planted with Hydrilla verticillata. The substrate layers of WL1 and WL3 were river sand and coconut coir-pith, respectively, whereas that of WL2 was a mixture of river sand and coir-pith (ratio 1:1). The influent and effluent water-quality parameters were examined weekly to identify the effects of coir-pith on the treatment process. The results showed that the total nitrogen removal efficiency was higher in WL2 (52.3%) and WL3 (62.1%) than in WL1 (29.1%). The most efficient removals of biodegradable organic compounds (54.4%) and total dissolved solids (40.5%) were encountered in WL2, whereas the maximum total suspended solids (66.4%) and conductivity (38.5%) reductions were found in WL3. However, the PO[image omitted]-P removal efficiency was only slightly improved in WL2 (74.2%) and WL3 (74.4%) over WL1 (68.7%). Microbiological investigations revealed that WL2 and WL3 were more efficient in removing Escherichia coli than WL1. Statistical analyses by ANOVA showed that the water treatment efficiencies of WL2 and WL3 were substantially better than WL1 (p0.05).
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2010.512008
DOI ID：10.1080/02757540.2010.512008, ISSN：0275-7540, eISSN：1029-0370, Web of Science ID：WOS:000284954000004

Impacts of Plant (Egeria densa) Density and Nutrient Composition on Nitrogen Transformation Mechanisms in Laboratory Microcosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
S. K. Weragoda; Norio Tanaka; K. B. S. N. Jinadasa; Yasushi Sasaki
JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY, Volume：24, Number：3, First page：393, Last page：401, Sep. 2009, [Reviewed]
The impacts of plant (Egeria densa) density and nutrient composition on nitrogen transformation mechanisms in laboratory microcosms were studied with a low plant density system (LPDS) and a high plant density system (HPDS). The NH(4)(+)-N removal efficiency increased with increasing concentration (2-8 mgL(-1)) at lower NO(3)(center dot)-N concentrations (0-2 mgL(-1)), while it decreased at higher NO(3)(center dot)-N concentrations in LPDS (>2 mgL(-1)). The NO(3)(center dot) -N removal efficiency showed a positive correlation with initial NH(4)(+)-N concentration in both HPDS (R(2)=0.93) and LPDS (R(2)=0.88). The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was positively affected by the initial NH(4)(+)-N concentration, while it was negatively affected by the NO(3)(center dot)-N concentration in LPDS. TN removal efficiency was significantly different between HPDS and LPDS (P<0.01). The organic nitrogen concentration was higher in LPDS than that found in the initial solution. The mutual interactions among different forms of nitrogen affected their removal mechanisms more significantly in LPDS than HPDS. Further, the removal efficiencies varied with the predominant transformation mechanisms, and consequently the plant density and nutrient composition must be considered simultaneously when applying these results to nitrogen removal efficiencies in submersed plant wetland system.
OIKOS PUBL INC, English, Scientific journal
ISSN：0270-5060, Web of Science ID：WOS:000269773700006

FLOW STRUCTURES AND SEDIMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS AROUND COLONY-TYPE VEGETATION AT FLOOD EVENTS　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Shiho Ito; Junji Yagisawa
ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES AND HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 1-6, First page：981, Last page：986, 2009, [Reviewed]
Colony models, comprising seven equally spaced cylinders with staggered arrangement are mounted on a water flume bed. The characteristics of flow structures around the colony-type roughness model in uniform flow were investigated. For elucidating the effects of the vegetation density and emergent or submerged condition of the colony-type roughness according to the flood water depth, drag force is measured with changing both of the relative space L/d and the relative height h/H,where L is the space between neighbored cylinders, d is the cylinder diameter, h is the model height and H is the water depth and the drag coefficient (C(d)) is calculated. The flow structure around the colony models and the drag coefficients values are changed depending on L/d and h/H. Two types of flow structures, a large-scale Karman vortex street behind the colony models and a primitive Karman vortex street behind the individual cylinders are generated. The C(d) in emergent condition becomes larger than that in submerged condition. The C(d) increases sharply when h/H is ranged from 0.8 to 1.0 and then approaches the C(d) value in unsubmerged condition. In field observation, sedimentation around the two roughness type was investigated. When the vegetation density is large, like willow, i.e. Salix subfragilis or Eragrostis curvula (colony-type vegetation), the sedimentation is occurred behind the vegetatation region When vegetation denesity is small, it occurres inside the vegetation region, i.e., Robinia pseudo-acacia or Phragmites japonica. Similar flow structure are supposed to be occurred in water flume experiment and in field. This study elucidated the effect of vegetation density on flow structure.
TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY PRESS, English, International conference proceedings
Web of Science ID：WOS:000268750700172

TSUNAMI FLOW VELOCITY BEHIND THE COASTAL FOREST WITH AN OPEN GAP-EFFECTS OF TSUNAMI CONDITION AND TREE DENSITY　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Nguyen Ba Thuy; Norio Tanaka; Katsutoshi Tanimoto
PROCEEDINGS OF COASTAL DYNAMICS 2009, 2009, [Reviewed]
WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, English, International conference proceedings
Web of Science ID：WOS:000273387500050

EFFECTS OF FLOOD DISTURBANCE ON THE MORPHOLOGY, PRODUCTIVITY AND RUNNER-EXPANSION OF Phragmites japonica　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
AOKI Shinya; TANAKA Norio; YAGISAWA Junji
PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING, Volume：51, First page：1255, Last page：1260, 2007
he effect of flood disturbance on the morphology of runners, plant productivity and runner-expansion characteristics of Pharagmites japonica was investigated at midstream of the Arakawa River. The dynamic growth model of P. japonica was developed considering the effect of disturbance, i. e., the difference of runner morphology and shoot productivity in the parent colony. The aboveground biomass distribution along the distance from the parent colony was well represented by the model. For analyzing the effect of flood disturbance interval, maximum water levels at three flood events were calculated and evaluated whether the habitat of P. japonica were inundated or not. In addition, the threshold friction velocity of the average grain diameter was compared with the friction velocity at the flood event. Although the gravel movement possibility has a little different tendency with the damaged situation of P. japonica, the clear relationship between the flood interval and the productivity in each habitat is found. The analysis indicates the possibility to calculate the plant productivity under the effect of flood disturbance.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.51.1255
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5469_references_DOI_Rmvdp1XP6A2cQYzxHRYJGNzQQ0t
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.51.1255, ISSN：0916-7374, eISSN：1884-9172, CiNii Articles ID：10021137809, CiNii Books ID：AA1045915X

HYDRAULIC APPROACH ON THE GAS CONVECTIONAL RESISTANCE OF THE CULM IN PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
YUTANI KENTARO; TANAKA NORIO
土木学会論文集 B, Volume：63, Number：4, First page：351, Last page：356, 2007, [Reviewed]
Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejb.63.351
DOI ID：10.2208/jscejb.63.351, ISSN：1880-6031, CiNii Articles ID：80018045556

BELOWGROUND DYNAMICS AND STRATEGIES OF EMERGENT MACROPHYTES, Typha angustifolia AND Zizania latifolia, AFTER CUTTING THEIR AERIAL SHOOTS　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
WATANABE Tetsuhiro; TANAKA Norio; TAKEMURA Takeshi; YAGISAWA Junji; ASAEDA Takashi
PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING, Volume：48, First page：1603, Last page：1608, 2004
Typha angustifolia were cut in June, July and August in 2002, and in May and July in 2003 for i nvestigating their strategy to survive from cutting at different timing. Zizania latifolia was also cut in July in 2003. The cutting effects were evaluated quantitatively by regrowth characteristics of aboveground leaves just after cutting. The belowground production of T. angustifolia was decreased by summer cutting. This was due to the decrement of transportation from original shoot to belowground and from regrowth shoot to belowground organ. July to August is the best season for controlling expansion of the species, because the transportation can be decreased by the cutting. The amount of transportation from belowground to aboveground organ was a little compared with the decrement of belowground biomass and was almost the same with the two species, but heterotrophic season just after cutting were found 15 days, 40days in case of T. angustifolia and Z. latifolia, respectively. The season was longer and secondary shoot was formed in case of Z. latifolia. This implies the different strategy of Z. latifolia with T. angustifolia.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.48.1603
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.48.1603, ISSN：0916-7374, eISSN：1884-9172, CiNii Articles ID：130004043578

Effects of latitude, nutrients in soil and preemption on the long-term competition process of emergent macrophytes. Ecol. Civil Eng. 6(2), 157-164, 2004　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Takashi Asaeda
Ecology and Civil Engineering, Volume：6, Number：2, First page：157, Last page：164, 2004, [Reviewed]
Long-term competitive growth of Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia were analyzed for evaluating the influence of latitude, nutrient accumulation in soil and preemption. The competitive analysis showed that T. Angustifolia has superiority against T. Latifolia without preemption even in shallow water. By the accumulation of nutrients in soil, more densely preempted T. Latifolia can be displaced by T. angustifolia. T. latifolia in lower latitude is more easily displaced by T. angustifolia. Competitive analysis of Phragmites australis and Typha spp. Showed that the preemption by Typha orientalis has effective only for T. latifolia and Phragmites has strong superiority against T. latifolia and T. orientalis, and has slight superiority against T. angustifolia in nutrient rich condition. The competition is related to belowground storage and utilization strategy in each species. © 2004, Ecology and Civil Engineering Society. All rights reserved.
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.3825/ece.6.157
DOI ID：10.3825/ece.6.157, ISSN：1882-5974, SCOPUS ID：85024713252

Evaluation of the recovering process of Phragmites australis after cutting by the dynamic regrowth model and the validation by the observation. Ecol. Civil Eng. 6(2), 177-190, 2004　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Kentaro Yutani; Takashi Asaeda; Norio Tanaka; Shiromi Karunaratne
Ecology and Civil Engineering, Volume：6, Number：2, First page：177, Last page：190, 2004, [Reviewed]
Shoots cutting of Phragmites australis is a common management to maintain botanical diversity in wetland and restore derelict wetland condition. Associated with the recent development of the dynamic growth model of P. Australis the modeling of recovering process of P. Australis was developed based on the experiments and energetic consideration for the possible application in the management of wetlands. Three years observations were conducted for P. Australis to evaluate the recovering process in a swampy section of Akigase Park in Saitama, Japan. The growth of P. Australis was impaired most by June cutting, while June and July cutting increased the ratio of the leaf biomass to stem biomass of regenerated shoot after cutting, approximately by 0.28 to 0.56. June cutting reduced the shoot height and the biomass of rhizomes and shoots markedly. P. Australis community cut in summer, on the other hand, mostly recovered in two years, indicating the necessary cutting every one to two years interval. Revised model could simulate well both the observed data and literature data of cutting or burning. Consequently it is found that P. Australis grow in the nutrient rich condition can recover three to four years from cutting, on the other hand that in nutrient poor condition request over ten years for recovering. © 2004, Ecology and Civil Engineering Society. All rights reserved.
English, Scientific journal
DOI：https://doi.org/10.3825/ece.6.177
DOI ID：10.3825/ece.6.177, ISSN：1882-5974, SCOPUS ID：33846935897

Evaluation of moderate transplanting distance of Carex kobomugi Ohwi by growth dynamic analysis　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
SIRONO Yusuke; TANAKA Norio; WATANABE Hajime
Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, Volume：29, Number：1, First page：27, Last page：32, Aug. 2003
Long term dynamics of beachside vegetation, Carex kobomugi Ohwi , was evaluated by their growth model. The model was formulated by rhizome formation characteristics and long-term senescence with panicle formation obtained at Ryuyo beach. The model agrees well for the seasonal variation of their aboveground and belowground biomass. This model describes the future horizontal enlargement and distribution of their biomass. For horizontal distribution, we analyzed with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.6 m transplanting distances. With 0.2-0.4 m distances, we couldn't expect to control brown sand in wide area within a few years. Moreover, with 1.0-1.6m distances, it took much time until controlling brown sand within expectable. The optimized transplant distances were found within 0.6-0.8 m by considering their enlargement and belowground biomass.
The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.7211/jjsrt.29.27
DOI ID：10.7211/jjsrt.29.27, ISSN：0916-7439, CiNii Articles ID：110002912166, CiNii Books ID：AN10130633

The effects of cutting time on the regrowth of Typha angustifolia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
YUTANI Kentaro; TANAKA Norio; TAKEMURA Takeshi; ASAEDA Takashi
Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, Volume：29, Number：1, First page：21, Last page：26, Aug. 2003
A experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of shoots cutting time on the regrowth characteristics of Typha angustifolia. Field observation was conducted in the pond. Four 1 m × 1 m quadrats were demarcated in the T.angustifolia community, and surrounding area was kept undisturbed to use as a control area. In each quadrat, shoots were cut at about 20 cm above water surface in June, July, August and September 2002 and allowed to re-grow from cutting stubbles at all quadrats. The results of this study shows that June and July cut shoots were re-elongated up to the same height as the control. While delay of the cutting time showed decreased re-growth shoots biomass. Rhizome of August cut quadrat showed smallest biomass in December. Moreover, shoot cutting in August is found to be more suitable to suppress T.angustifolia expansion.
The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.7211/jjsrt.29.21
DOI ID：10.7211/jjsrt.29.21, ISSN：0916-7439, CiNii Articles ID：110002912165, CiNii Books ID：AN10130633

Belowground dynamics and growth strategy of three Typha spp. in Japan　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; ASAEDA Takashi; SEKI Wataru
ECE, Volume：6, Number：1, First page：25, Last page：34, Aug. 2003
Belowground dynamics and strategies were analyzed with respect to three species of Typha spp. in Japan. Root and shoot ratio (R/S) and root and rhizome ratio of them were closely related to the order of their maximum penetrating water depth. More rhizome were developed with deeper water depth, accordingly, biomass allocation for roots became smaller. Bioenergetic model of T. orientalis was formulated for analyzing their belowground strategy and indicated that nutrient flux from below to aboveground organs in heterotrophic season were smaller than T. angustifolia. T. latifolia, T. angustifolia and T. orientalis has each different strategy, enlargement, deep water penetration and preemption, respectively. Typha orientalis increases their density before flowering and the flowering season was the last among three species. Preemption of belowground space was the important strategy for T. orientalis.
Ecology and Civil Engineering Society, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.3825/ece.6.25
DOI ID：10.3825/ece.6.25, ISSN：1344-3755, CiNii Articles ID：10013954616, CiNii Books ID：AA11528360

BOOK REVIEW　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio
ECE, Volume：5, Number：1, First page：128, Last page：128, 2002
Ecology and Civil Engineering Society
DOI：https://doi.org/10.3825/ece.5.128
DOI ID：10.3825/ece.5.128, ISSN：1344-3755, CiNii Articles ID：130003642676

海浜植生コウボウムギの生長および平面拡大解析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 渡辺肇; 谷本勝利; 小松原肇
Volume：49, First page：506, Last page：510, 2002
砂浜海岸の砂草による飛砂補足効果は定性的に確認され, 砂草の移植などによる飛砂抑制などの工学的試みが行われている.しかし, 長期的な砂草と地形変動についての定量的な知見を得るに至ってはいない. そこで, 本研究では日本における代表的な海浜植生であるコウボウムギについて現地観測を行い, その地上部・地下部の季節動態を解析する生長予測モデルを構築し, またコウボウムギ移植後の海浜安定効果の指標となる地下部の平面的な拡大力を, 横走地下茎の展開力を組み込むことにより定量評価を行った.
Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.49.506
DOI ID：10.2208/proce1989.49.506, ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：130003807514

ガマ·ヒメガマの競合優位性の変化に与える土中栄養塩量の解析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 浅枝隆; 渡辺哲広
Volume：68, First page：183, Last page：183, 2002
Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.14903/jslim.68.0.183.0
DOI ID：10.14903/jslim.68.0.183.0, CiNii Articles ID：130004629094

生長期の刈り取りが翌年のオギMiscanthus sacchariflorusの従属栄養生長量に与える影響について　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北上裕規; 田中規夫; 浅枝隆; 武村武
Volume：68, First page：186, Last page：186, 2002
Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.14903/jslim.68.0.186.0
DOI ID：10.14903/jslim.68.0.186.0, CiNii Articles ID：130004629097

The effect of stratification on the flow around a hemispheric obstacle on a flat plate.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; TAMAI Nobuyuki; HIROSAWA Yuusuke
Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan, Volume：8, Number：30, First page：133, Last page：136, 1988
The stratified flow around a hemispheric obstacle on a flat plate has heen studied. The flows were produced by towing an inverted body through saline-water solutions with stable density gradients and were visualized by dye-injection method. The study demonstrated that three types of the flow structures were formed depending on the stratification. Two types of them are similar to the neutral cases but are strogly affected by the three-dimensional lee wave. In case of strongly stratified flow, most of the fluid cannot surpasses the hemisphere but passes around it and forms Karman vortex street behind the hemisphere. The change of the flow structure is closely related to the K-H instability in front of and behind a hemisphere.
THE VISUALIZATION SOCIETY OF JAPAN, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.3154/jvs1981.8.133
DOI ID：10.3154/jvs1981.8.133, ISSN：0287-3605, CiNii Articles ID：130003647690

Evaluation of supplied-sediment dynamics on the armored bed in the downstream of Futase-dam reservoir　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Takezawa, S; Tanaka, N; Yagisawa, J; Hondo, T
Advances in River Engineering, Volume：21, Number：117, First page：115, Last page：120, [Reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

■ MISC

Patterns of treefall damages in Quercus dentata and Larix gmelinii by level 2 Tsunami : By numerical simulation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
佐藤創; 田中規夫; 鳥田宏行; 真坂一彦; 阿部友幸; 岩﨑健太; 佐藤弘和
Number：65, First page：75, Last page：78, Feb. 2017
Japanese
ISSN：2186-7526, CiNii Articles ID：40021128196, CiNii Books ID：AA12597416

実河川に設置した簡易水路での掃流力増加実験における水生昆虫と細砂分の移動現象　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
古里栄一; 古里栄一; 坂田良介; 田中規夫; 田中規夫
Volume：18th, 2014
J-Global ID：201402240594749890

早瀬と平瀬における付着藻類の平面分布と流れ場との関係に関する現地調査　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
坂田良介; 古里栄一; 古里栄一; 田中規夫; 田中規夫
Volume：18th, 2014
J-Global ID：201402270885096866

氾濫流解析結果を活用した大河川氾濫時の避難関連情報の提案　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 古里栄一
Volume：69th, 2014
J-Global ID：201402277725855307

DRAG FORCE ACTING ON A QUADRATIC PRISM AND BED SHEAR STRESS AROUND IT IN SUPERCRITICAL FLOW
八木澤順治; 田中規夫
Volume：57, First page：1_685, Last page：690, 2013
Japanese
ISSN：1880-8751, CiNii Articles ID：40019818417

物理的撹乱と水生昆虫群集の関係-津田仮説に基づく新しい群集指標の提案と二瀬ダム土砂還元の影響評価への適用の試み-　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
古里栄一; 田中規夫; 田中規夫
Volume：17th, 2013
J-Global ID：201402220631685155

礫後流域の水理学的特性と水生昆虫群集との関係評価に関する礫床河川での現地実験　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
古里栄一; 坂田良介; 田中規夫; 田中規夫
Volume：17th, 2013
J-Global ID：201402268489331939

二瀬ダム下流河川における土砂還元の効果:非出水期における小規模河床材料の移動性に着目して　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 田中規夫; 古里栄一
Volume：17th, 2013
J-Global ID：201402287396194227

FIELD INVESTIGATIONS ON SALINITY STRATIFICATION OF COASTAL LAGOON WITH PERMANETLY OPENED MOUTH IN SRI LANKA　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
古里栄一; 田中規夫; 田中規夫; PRIYADARSHANA Tilak; AMARASEKARA Prasanna
土木学会論文集 B1(水工学)(Web), Volume：69, Number：4, 2013
ISSN：2185-467X, J-Global ID：201402226002486237

Report on Damage Situations by Tsunami Propagation in River Channels and its Overtopping from Embankment in Great East Japan Earthquake
田中規夫; 八木澤順治; 安田智史
Volume：44, First page：21, Last page：24, 2010
The tsunami caused by the Great Japan Earthquake at 14:46 JST on 11 March 2011, with a magnitude of 9.0 and epicenter 129 km east of Sendai, broke most of the sea embankment and coastal vegetation belt and caused catastrophic damage to people and buildings in the Tohoku and Kanto districts of Japan. A field survey was conducted to elucidate the damage situation of residential region by tsunami propagation in river channels and its overtopping from embankment. Abukumagawa River, Nanakita River and Old Kitakamigawa River located on Miyagi prefecture were selected for field investigation. In Abukumagawa River and Old Kitakamigawa River, overtopping flow from embankment occurred mainly at the outer-bank side of meandering section. Severe erosion was occurred on levee slope and neighboring houses were washed out by the scouring due to the overtopping flow. The hinterlands of coast and river had tsunami from two directions, coast and river, and the damage situation including the evacuation action for people became complex. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the location where tsunami is easy to be overtopped for different tsunami conditions.
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120005386080

Effect of open gap in coastal forest on tsunami run-up-investigations by experiment and numerical simulation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Nguyen Ba Thuy; Katsutoshi Tanimoto; Norio Tanaka; Kenji Harada; Kosuke Iimura
OCEAN ENGINEERING, Volume：36, Number：15-16, First page：1258, Last page：1269, Nov. 2009
The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of an open gap, such as a road, in a coastal forest on tsunami run-up. A numerical model based on two-dimensional nonlinear long-wave equations was developed to account for the effects of drag and turbulence induced shear forces due to the presence of vegetation. Experiments were conducted on a forest simulated with vertical cylinders by changing the gap width. The numerical model was validated in good agreement with the experimental results. The numerical model was then applied to a wide forest of Pandanus odoratissimus, a tree species that is a dominant coastal vegetation on a sand dune in South and Southeast Asia. The effect of vertical stand characteristics of P. odoratissimus with aerial roots was considered on the drag resistance. A straight open gap perpendicular to the shoreline was used to investigate the effect of gap width. As the gap width increases, the flow velocity at the end of the open gap first increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases, while the run-up height increases monotonously. The maximum velocity in the present condition is 1.7 times the maximum velocity without a coastal forest. The effects of different gap arrangements in the forest on tsunami run-LIP Were also investigated in this paper. The flow velocity at the end of an open gap can be reduced by a staggered arrangement. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2009.07.006
DOI ID：10.1016/j.oceaneng.2009.07.006, ISSN：0029-8018, Web of Science ID：WOS:000271250800013

Tsunami flow around edge of coastal forest: experiments and numerical simulations　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
谷本勝利; 田中規夫; Thuy N. B.
Journal of coastal engineering, JSCE, Volume：56, First page：361, Last page：365, Oct. 2009
Japanese
ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：40018987563, CiNii Books ID：AN10369955

Analysis and evaluation of tsunami mitigation effects by coastal vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
飯村耕介; 田中規夫; 谷本勝利
Journal of coastal engineering, JSCE, Volume：56, First page：366, Last page：370, Oct. 2009
Japanese
ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：40018987564, CiNii Books ID：AN10369955

DISTRIBUTED WATER BALANCE WITH RIVER DYNAMIC-DIFFUSIVE FLOW ROUTING MODEL　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Ahmed Hassan; Tanaka Norio; Tamai Nobuyuki
JOURNAL OF HYDRODYNAMICS, Volume：21, Number：4, First page：564, Last page：572, Aug. 2009
This article focuses on the application of coupling both river dynamic and river diffusive modeling techniques that can be used with distributed water balance model. In an upstream watershed, both overland and river diffusive flows are routed by diffusive wave approximation of the free surface flow equations. In river downstream reaches, the river dynamic flow is routed by one-dimensional dynamic wave equations (full dynamic St. Venant equations with lateral flow). The developed model is applied in a part of Arakawa River basin, Kanto area, Japan. The geographic data of river cross sections could be accurately represented by an 11-point cross-section approximation. The effects of both the grid size and lateral flow on the simulated results of the river dynamic flow model were studied. The grid size should be greater than the average width of the river cross-sections. The lateral flow from small drainage systems has significant effects on the simulated results using the river dynamic flow model. The simulated results show good and acceptable agreements with the observed flow discharges and water depths. Both the river discharge and water depth at any location of river network of compound channels with one/two complex floodplains could be correctly estimated.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(08)60185-7
DOI ID：10.1016/S1001-6058(08)60185-7, ISSN：1001-6058, Web of Science ID：WOS:000270869100017

Effects of water level fluctuation on radial oxygen loss, root porosity, and nitrogen removal in subsurface vertical flow wetland mesocosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
S. Sasikala; Norio Tanaka; H. S. Y. Wah Wah; K. B. S. N. Jinadasa
ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING, Volume：35, Number：3, First page：410, Last page：417, Mar. 2009
Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water level fluctuation on plant radial oxygen loss (ROL), root porosity, plant growth performance, and nitrogen dynamics in vertical subsurface flow wetland mesocosms. Four types of mesocosms; were used: control with static water level, control with fluctuating water level, static water level with plants, and fluctuating water level with plants. Typha orientalis, an emergent macrophyte, was used in this study. Changes of ROL, root porosity, and plant biomass were measured every six weeks. Shoot height and density of plants were also observed. Every two weeks, the nitrogen removal efficiency of the four systems was monitored. Maximum ROL values under static and fluctuating conditions were 7.58 and 2.73 mu mol/g DW/h, respectively. The porosity values of roots under static and fluctuating conditions ranged between 33-47% and 30-37%, respectively. Average removal efficiency of both total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium nitrogen (NH(4)-N) in the fluctuating condition with plants was about 65%, and nitrate nitrogen removal in the static condition with plants was about 75%. Although the water level fluctuation caused a considerable reduction in ROL and root porosity, it clearly produced a significant improvement in TN and NH(4)-N removal. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.10.003
DOI ID：10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.10.003, ISSN：0925-8574, Web of Science ID：WOS:000264972200008

Vegetation bioshields for tsunami mitigation: Review of effectiveness, limitations, construction, and sustainable management　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka
Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Volume：5, Number：1, First page：71, Last page：79, Feb. 2009
Coastal vegetation has been widely recognized as a natural method to reduce the energy of tsunami waves. However, a vegetation barrier cannot completely stop a tsunami, and its effectiveness depends on the magnitude of the tsunami as well as the structure of the vegetation. For coastal rehabilitation, optimal planning of natural coastal systems, and their maintenance, we need to quantitatively elucidate the capacity of vegetation to reduce the energy of tsunami waves. The limitations of coastal forests in relation to the magnitude of a tsunami and the maintenance of forests as natural disaster buffer zones have to be understood correctly for effective coastal vegetation planning. Demerits of coastal forests have also been revealed: for example, an open gap in a forest (i.e., a road, river, difference in elevation, etc.) can channel and amplify a strong current by forcing it into the gap. Floating debris from broken trees also can damage surrounding buildings and hurt people. However, many studies have revealed that these demerits can be overcome with proper planning and management of mangroves and coastal forests, and that coastal vegetation has a significant potential to mitigate damage in constructed areas and save human lives by acting as buffer zones during extreme natural events. However, mangrove forests have been damaged by anthropogenic activities (i.e., tourism, shrimp farming, and industrial development), making coastal areas increasingly vulnerable to tsunamis and other natural disasters. The effectiveness of vegetation also changes with the age and structure of the forest. This highlights the fact that proper planning and management of vegetation are required to maintain the tsunami buffering function of coastal forests. Although many government and nongovernmental organizations have implemented coastal vegetation projects, many of them have been unsuccessful due to a lack of proper maintenance. A pilot project in Matara City, Sri Lanka, revealed that participation and support from local authorities and communities is essential to make the planting projects successful. An integrated coastal vegetation management system that includes utilization of the materials produced by the forest and a community participation and awareness program are proposed to achieve a sustainable and long-lasting vegetation bioshield. © 2008 International Consortium of Landscape and Ecological Engineering and Springer.
English, Book review
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-008-0058-z
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-008-0058-z, ISSN：1860-1871, SCOPUS ID：59149097811

Vegetation bioshields for tsunami mitigation: review of effectiveness, limitations, construction, and sustainable management　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka
LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING, Volume：5, Number：1, First page：71, Last page：79, Feb. 2009
Coastal vegetation has been widely recognized as a natural method to reduce the energy of tsunami waves. However, a vegetation barrier cannot completely stop a tsunami, and its effectiveness depends on the magnitude of the tsunami as well as the structure of the vegetation. For coastal rehabilitation, optimal planning of natural coastal systems, and their maintenance, we need to quantitatively elucidate the capacity of vegetation to reduce the energy of tsunami waves. The limitations of coastal forests in relation to the magnitude of a tsunami and the maintenance of forests as natural disaster buffer zones have to be understood correctly for effective coastal vegetation planning. Demerits of coastal forests have also been revealed: for example, an open gap in a forest (i.e., a road, river, difference in elevation, etc.) can channel and amplify a strong current by forcing it into the gap. Floating debris from broken trees also can damage surrounding buildings and hurt people. However, many studies have revealed that these demerits can be overcome with proper planning and management of mangroves and coastal forests, and that coastal vegetation has a significant potential to mitigate damage in constructed areas and save human lives by acting as buffer zones during extreme natural events. However, mangrove forests have been damaged by anthropogenic activities (i.e., tourism, shrimp farming, and industrial development), making coastal areas increasingly vulnerable to tsunamis and other natural disasters. The effectiveness of vegetation also changes with the age and structure of the forest. This highlights the fact that proper planning and management of vegetation are required to maintain the tsunami buffering function of coastal forests. Although many government and nongovernmental organizations have implemented coastal vegetation projects, many of them have been unsuccessful due to a lack of proper maintenance. A pilot project in Matara City, Sri Lanka, revealed that participation and support from local authorities and communities is essential to make the planting projects successful. An integrated coastal vegetation management system that includes utilization of the materials produced by the forest and a community participation and awareness program are proposed to achieve a sustainable and long-lasting vegetation bioshield.
SPRINGER TOKYO, English, Book review
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-008-0058-z
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-008-0058-z, ISSN：1860-1871, Web of Science ID：WOS:000263118100007

Effects of tree characteristics and substrate condition on critical breaking moment of trees due to heavy flooding　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Junji Yagisawa
Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Volume：5, Number：1, First page：59, Last page：70, Feb. 2009
To elucidate tree breakage conditions with different breaking mechanisms, i.e., moment by drag force, local scour, and degradation of the substrate around trees, field surveys were conducted after a flood event (September 2007 flood due to Typhoon 9) in the Tamagawa River, Japan. Trees in a river have two main breaking mechanisms during a flood event, moment by fluid force and erosion of the substrate. Moment by fluid force causes two breaking phenomena, trunk damage (bending, breakage) and overturning. Trunk bending or breakage can be expressed as a function of d c , where d is the trunk diameter at breast height and the power c equals 3 for trunk bending or breakage, and approximately 2 for overturning. Smaller diameter trees experienced trunk breakage, but larger trees were overturned. The range for these two breaking patterns changes with the substrate condition. If severe scouring has occurred, the threshold for overturning moment can be quite small. Tree overturning occurred mostly on the bank side of the gravel bar
however, some trees, especially Robinia pseudo acacia and Morus bombycis, were overturned if the substrate was a thin deposited soil or silt layer on gravel. The roots were anchored in the small-particle deposited layer in that case. As for the erosion of the substrate, the tree-breaking patterns can be classified into three types depending on the relationship between the nondimensionalized bed shear stress of d 50 and d 84, the representative grain diameters at which 50 and 84% of the volume of the material, respectively, is finer. The nondimensionalized shear stress of d 84 is an important parameter for discussing the rehabilitation of the gravel bed bar. The boundary region for tree overturning can be changed by the effects of plant cover and debris attachment. © 2009 International Consortium of Landscape and Ecological Engineering and Springer.
English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-008-0060-5
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-008-0060-5, ISSN：1860-1871, SCOPUS ID：59149097545

海岸地域における防風フェンスと砂草の飛砂防止効果に関する研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 干川真; 荒井三七雄; Mulati Yusaiyin
2009

砂礫州上樹木の洪水時破壊限界に関与する抗力モーメントと底面せん断力の評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 八木澤順治
2009

海岸堤防と樹林帯の組み合わせによる津波減衰効果および樹林帯切れ間による津波流れの影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 原田賢治; 谷本勝利; 飯村耕介; B. N. Thuy
2009

Analysis and Evaluation of Tsunami Mitigation Effects by Coastal Vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
IIMURA Kosuke; TANAKA Norio; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi; TANAKA Shigenobu
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering), Volume：56, Number：1, First page：366, Last page：370, 2009
There are many types of coastal vegetation. However, the systematical method for evaluating the tsunami mitigation effect by coastal vegetation has not been established yet. Therefore, this study systematically analyzes the equations for tsunami through coastal vegetation and evaluates the vegetation effect on the tsunami run-up height and fluid force. The tsunami mitigation effects are investigated by numerical simulation based on non-linear long wave equations. When using dNall , cumulative vegetation length in streamwise direction that includes the effect of different vegetation stand structures, the evaluation of the tsunami mitigation effect has been enabled. The tsunami mitigation effect and dNall show high correlation, and evaluation equations for tsunami mitigation effect by coastal vegetation are given by exponential functions.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.65.366
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.65.366, ISSN：1884-2399, CiNii Articles ID：130004956306

Tsunami Flow around Edge of Coastal Forest-Experiments and Numerical Simulations-　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANIMOTO Katsutoshi; TANAKA Norio; THUY N. B.; IIMURA Kosuke; HARADA Kenji
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering), Volume：56, Number：1, First page：361, Last page：365, 2009
In the present study, laboratory experiments have been carried out to confirm the applicability of numerical method based on two-dimensional non-linear long wave equations incorporated with drag resistance of trees and eddy viscosity forces to tsunami flow around the edge of coastal forest. Then the method has been applied to a prototype scale condition to investigate tsunami flow around edge of coastal forest of Pandanus odoratissimus. The flow velocity outside and around the edge of coastal forest is increased, consequently the potential tsunami force is considerably increased there. On the other hand, the moment due to drag force at the top of aerial root of P. odoratissimus near the edge of the forest is decreased significantly to reduce the risk of breaking as the forest width increases.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.65.361
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.65.361, ISSN：1884-2399, CiNii Articles ID：130004956305

海岸堤防と海岸樹林の組み合わせによる津波減災効果に関する数値計算　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
飯村耕介; 田中規夫; 原田賢治; 谷本勝利
Volume：25, First page：69, Last page：74, 2009

砂礫州上樹木の破壊形態の相違を考慮した樹林化判定手法に関する研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
八木澤順治; 田中規夫; 福岡捷二
Volume：15, First page：153, Last page：158, 2009

Impacts of plant (Egeria densa) density and influent composition on nitrogen transformation mechanisms in submerged plant wetland systems　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Weragoda, S.K; Tanaka, N; Sasaki, Y; Jinadasa; K.B.S.N
Volume：24, Number：3, First page：393, Last page：401, 2009

Investigations on Tsunami Inundation and Coastal Vegetation Characteristics　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Nandasena N. A. K; Tanaka N; Tanimoto K; Bandara R; P. S. S; Ratnasooriya A. H. R; Samarawickkrama S. P; Hettiarachchi S. S. L
First page：1118, Last page：1128, 2009

砂礫州上樹木の破壊・流失条件と樹林化判定指標について　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

津波に対する樹木の影響評価、In:岡田穣(2008)海岸林の津波被害軽減効果に関する研究成果報告会-文部科学省科学研究費補助金（基盤研究(A)海外）「インド洋大津波に対する海岸林の効果の検証と今後の海岸息保全のあり方」　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
Volume：(3), First page：39, Last page：46, 2009

砂礫州上における繁茂場所の相違が樹木の洪水時流失限界に及ぼす影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 八木澤順治; 福岡捷二
Volume：53, First page：631, Last page：636, 2009

河道内植生の洪水による破壊・再生を考慮した植生動態モデルの開発　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
八木澤順治; 田中規夫
Volume：53, First page：1171, Last page：1176, 2009

護床ブロックの洪水に対する安定条件に関する研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
井上浩一; 田中規夫; 八木澤順治
Volume：53, First page：961, Last page：966, 2009

海岸地域における防風フェンスと砂草の飛砂防止効果に関する研究
田中規夫; 干川真; 荒井三七雄; Mulati Yusaiyin
埼玉大学工学部紀要, Volume：42, First page：44, Last page：45, 2009
This paper reports the research project in Chigasaki city related to wind protection fence and grasses on beach sand for preventing the wind blown sand. In situ experiments were conducted on the beach with fence. Wind velocity and wind-blown sand flux were measured and quantitative data were obtained. The experiments will be continued and the optimal fence structure and growth condition of the vegetation will be discussed in 2009. Optimal fence structure for preventing salt spray and effective width of coastal forest in dependent of the optical porosity are being discussed in numerical simulation and the papers are introduced in this manuscript.
Japanese
CiNii Articles ID：120005386064

砂礫州上樹木の洪水時破壊限界に関与する抗力モーメントと底面せん断力の評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 八木澤順治
埼玉大学工学部紀要, 2009

海岸堤防と樹林帯の組み合わせによる津波減衰効果および樹林帯切れ間による津波流れの影響
田中規夫; 原田賢治; 谷本勝利; 飯村耕介; B. N. Thuy
埼玉大学工学部紀要, Volume：42, First page：46, Last page：47, 2009
This paper reports the research project on estimating effects of the combination of coastal forest and embankment on tsunami reduction, and effects of open gap of coastal forest on tsunami current. The tsunami reduction becomes largest when the embankment is arranged at back of coastal forest. For the open gap, the wave peak and the run-up height increase monotonously when the gap is increased. However, the velocity at gap has a peak value with changing open-gap and forest ratio. At the forest edge, the potential tsunami force is increased by the increase of flow velocity. The papers of these results are introduced in this manuscript.
Japanese
CiNii Articles ID：120005386065

海岸樹林による津波減災効果の評価式の構築　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
飯村耕介; 田中規夫; 谷本勝利; 田中茂信
海岸工学論文集, Volume：56, Number：1, First page：366, Last page：370, 2009
There are many types of coastal vegetation. However, the systematical method for evaluating the tsunami mitigation effect by coastal vegetation has not been established yet. Therefore, this study systematically analyzes the equations for tsunami through coastal vegetation and evaluates the vegetation effect on the tsunami run-up height and fluid force. The tsunami mitigation effects are investigated by numerical simulation based on non-linear long wave equations. When using dNall , cumulative vegetation length in streamwise direction that includes the effect of different vegetation stand structures, the evaluation of the tsunami mitigation effect has been enabled. The tsunami mitigation effect and dNall show high correlation, and evaluation equations for tsunami mitigation effect by coastal vegetation are given by exponential functions.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.65.366
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.65.366, ISSN：1884-2399, CiNii Articles ID：130004956306

海岸樹林端部付近における津波の流れ－実験と数値計算－　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
谷本勝利; 田中規夫; Nguyen Ba Thuy; 飯村耕介; 原田賢治
海岸工学論文集, Volume：56, Number：1, First page：361, Last page：365, 2009
In the present study, laboratory experiments have been carried out to confirm the applicability of numerical method based on two-dimensional non-linear long wave equations incorporated with drag resistance of trees and eddy viscosity forces to tsunami flow around the edge of coastal forest. Then the method has been applied to a prototype scale condition to investigate tsunami flow around edge of coastal forest of Pandanus odoratissimus. The flow velocity outside and around the edge of coastal forest is increased, consequently the potential tsunami force is considerably increased there. On the other hand, the moment due to drag force at the top of aerial root of P. odoratissimus near the edge of the forest is decreased significantly to reduce the risk of breaking as the forest width increases.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.65.361
DOI ID：10.2208/kaigan.65.361, ISSN：1884-2399, CiNii Articles ID：130004956305

海岸堤防と海岸樹林の組み合わせによる津波減災効果に関する数値計算　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
飯村耕介; 田中規夫; 原田賢治; 谷本勝利
海洋開発論文集, Volume：25, First page：69, Last page：74, 2009

砂礫州上樹木の破壊形態の相違を考慮した樹林化判定手法に関する研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
八木澤順治; 田中規夫; 福岡捷二
河川技術論文集, Volume：15, First page：153, Last page：158, 2009

Adsorption Mechanism of Cr(VI) onto Coir Pith　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Madhubhashini Makehelwala; K. B. S. N. Jinadasa; Norio Tanaka; Rohan Weerasoriya; Athula Bandara
BIOREMEDIATION JOURNAL, Volume：13, Number：4, First page：188, Last page：197, 2009
Reductive adsorption of Cr(VI) on coir pith (hereafter CP) was examined as a function of pH, ionic strength, and temperature. The CP contains 1.33 meq g- 1 phenolic, 0.43 meq g- 1 of lactonic, and 0.35 meq g- 1 carboxylic sites. Thus the CP surface is enriched with electron-donating oxygen functionalities. As evidenced by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, the Cr(VI) Cr(III) conversion is facilitated by CP sites that are enriched with O O functional groups. The adsorption of reduced Cr(VI) was found to occur via C O functional groups first forming innersphere complexes with the CP surface, yielding keto ( C O) groups on the CP surface. The reductive adsorption of Cr(VI) was almost completed within 3 to 4 h, and it was dependent on pH and background ionic strength, yielding the highest monolayer coverage (9.56E-7 mol m- 2) at pH 3.7 in 0.1 M NaNO3. The Cr(III) followed the order with respect to the ionic strength: 0.1 M 0.01 M 0.001 M. The initial rate constant, ki, increased with temperature as ki313 K ki303 K ki293 K ki283 K.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/10889860903347302
DOI ID：10.1080/10889860903347302, ISSN：1088-9868, Web of Science ID：WOS:000272198900004

Effects of windbreak width in wind direction on wind velocity reduction　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Mulati Yusaiyin; Norio Tanaka
Journal of Forestry Research, Volume：20, Number：3, First page：199, Last page：204, 2009
The variations of drag force acting on the windbreak and the bulk drag coefficients for different windbreak widths were studied experimentally in the Eiffel-type non-circulating wind tunnel at the Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory, Saitama University, Japan, to elucidate the effects of windbreak width in the wind direction on wind velocity reduction behind a windbreak. The variations of flow field for different windbreak widths were studied numerically by using the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation with a k-ε turbulence closure model. Results show that the total drag force to wind increased with increasing windbreak width, but the bulk drag coefficient decreased slightly. The relationship between the bulk drag coefficient Cd and the windbreak width W and height H can be presented by the equation of Cd=kd (W/H)-b (kd, b: constants). The result of the numerical simulation shows that the windbreak width greatly affects the location and the value of the minimum wind velocity. The wind velocity decreased by 15%-22% as the windbreak width increased. © Northeast Forestry University and Springer-Verlag 2009.
English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-009-0039-6
DOI ID：10.1007/s11676-009-0039-6, ISSN：1007-662X, SCOPUS ID：70350055071

Impacts of plant (Egeria densa) density and influent composition on nitrogen transformation mechanisms in submerged plant wetland systems　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Weragoda, S.K; Tanaka, N; Sasaki, Y; Jinadasa; K.B.S.N
J. Freshwater Ecology, OIKOS, Volume：24, Number：3, First page：393, Last page：401, 2009

Impact of influent inorganic nitrogen on nitrate removal efficiency of submerged plant microcosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
S. K. Weragoda; Norio Tanaka; K. B. S. N. Jinadasa; Yasushi Sasaki
CHEMISTRY AND ECOLOGY, Volume：25, Number：3, First page：179, Last page：188, 2009
Even though many studies have focused on identifying the effects of NH(4)(+)-N on various aspects of wetland systems, there have been very few attempts to quantify the overall impact of NH(4)(+)-N concentration on NO(3)(-)-N removal efficiency. Consequently, this research was conducted to investigate the effects of influent NH(4)(+)-N (2-10 mgl(-1)) and NO(3)(-)-N (2-6 mgl(-1)) concentrations on NO(3)(-)-N removal efficiency and growth inhibition concentrations of Egeria densa Planch. Mass balance for NH(4)(+)-N removal was done to quantify the nitrified NH(4)(+)-N in order to incorporate total NO(3)(-)-N concentration for the non-linear regression analysis. The NO(3)(-)-N and total nitrogen removal efficiencies were significantly varied at three different NO(3)(-)-N concentrations (p < 0.05). Data on oxygen consumption during dark respiration (0.25-0.48 mgl(-1) hr(-1) g(-1) of dry weight biomass) and final biomass (0.17-0.24 g) variations revealed that the lowest growth inhibition concentration of NH(4)(+)-N on E. densa could be 4 mgl(-1). Non-linear regression analysis established a positive correlation (r(2) = 0.97) between influent NH(4)(+)-N concentration and NO(3)(-)-N removal efficiency within the analysed range of NH(4)(+)-N (0-4 mgl(-1)). Results suggest that NO(3)(-)-N removal efficiency in submerged plant wetland systems could be improved by adding sufficient amounts of NH(4)(+)-N to secondary treated wastewater.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540902922703
DOI ID：10.1080/02757540902922703, ISSN：0275-7540, Web of Science ID：WOS:000274352200003

Developing effective vegetation bioshield for tsunami protection　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
N. Tanaka; N. A. K. Nandasena; K. B. S. N. Jinadasa; Y. Sasaki; K. Tanimoto; M. I. M. Mowjood
CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, Volume：26, Number：2, First page：163, Last page：180, 2009
To elucidate the effectiveness and limitations of coastal vegetation for tsunami protection, the impact of vegetation structure on drag forces was analysed using the observed characteristics of reference tree species. The drag coefficient, including the vertical stand structures of trees, Cd-all, and the vegetation thickness per unit area, dNu (d, reference diameter of trees; Nu, number of trees per unit area), varies greatly with different species. Based on data analyses, dense Casuarina equisetifolia and Pandanus odoratissimus grown in beach sand were found to be especially effective in providing protection from tsunami damage due to their density and complex aerial root structure. The breaking moment of trees was investigated as a function of tree diameter. The breaking moment equation of P. odoratissimus explains well the damage caused to trees by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2006 Java tsunami. Numerical simulation indicates that inertia is the dominant force (99.1%) in comparison with the drag force when a wave front collides with a vegetation face, but while the water depth is very shallow and the total force is 6% of the maximum. Drag resistance is the dominant force in reducing both water depth and current velocity, but inertia resistance is active in reducing current velocity only in front of the vegetation. The breaking condition of trees can be discussed by the drag-force moment alone because when the total moment reaches the maximum, the contribution of the inertia moment is in the range of 0.1-0.3%. Considering the limitations of P. odoratissimus in reducing tsunami water depth and the other roles that coastal vegetation can play in mitigating tsunami-related damage, a forest with two layers in the vertical direction of P. odoratissimus and dense C. equisetifolia was found to be effective for increasing drag and trapping floating debris.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/10286600802435850
DOI ID：10.1080/10286600802435850, ISSN：1028-6608, CiNii Articles ID：10025895626, Web of Science ID：WOS:000265452400006

Investigations on Tsunami Inundation and Coastal Vegetation Characteristics　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Nandasena N. A. K; Tanaka N; Tanimoto K; Bandara R; P. S. S; Ratnasooriya A. H. R; Samarawickkrama S. P; Hettiarachchi S. S. L
Proceedings of Third International Conference in Ocean Engineering (ICOE 2009), First page：1118, Last page：1128, 2009

砂礫州上樹木の破壊・流失条件と樹林化判定指標について　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
平成２０年度技術講習会「エコロジーと自然再生」, 2009

津波に対する樹木の影響評価、In:岡田穣(2008)海岸林の津波被害軽減効果に関する研究成果報告会-文部科学省科学研究費補助金（基盤研究(A)海外）「インド洋大津波に対する海岸林の効果の検証と今後の海岸息保全のあり方」
田中規夫
日本海岸林学会誌, Volume：(3), Number：3, First page：39, Last page：46, 2009
Japanese
ISSN：1347-6289, CiNii Articles ID：40016584330

砂礫州上における繁茂場所の相違が樹木の洪水時流失限界に及ぼす影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 八木澤順治; 福岡捷二
水工学論文集, Volume：53, First page：631, Last page：636, 2009

河道内植生の洪水による破壊・再生を考慮した植生動態モデルの開発　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
八木澤順治; 田中規夫
水工学論文集, Volume：53, First page：1171, Last page：1176, 2009

護床ブロックの洪水に対する安定条件に関する研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
井上浩一; 田中規夫; 八木澤順治
水工学論文集, Volume：53, First page：961, Last page：966, 2009

TSUNAMI CURRENT INUNDATION OF GROUND WITH COASTAL VEGETATION EFFECTS; AN INITIAL STEP TOWARDS A NATURAL SOLUTION FOR TSUNAMI AMELIORATION　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
N. A. K. Nandasena; Norio Tanaka; Katsutoshi Tanimoto
JOURNAL OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI, Volume：2, Number：2, First page：157, Last page：171, Jun. 2008
A densely grown coastal vegetation belt of Pandanus odoratissimus for reducing the tsunami energy was quantitatively analyzed by an enhanced one-dimensional numerical model that included variations of topography and tsunami characteristics. The drag and inertia forces were assumed as the total resistance generated by the vegetation. It was found that a relatively small period tsunami wave was more destructive than a relatively large period tsunami wave of the same height, although densely grown vegetation effectively reduced the tsunami energy in the case of the small period tsunami wave. A very mild ground slope was also more vulnerable to thrashing by tsunami waves than a relatively steep ground slope. Moreover, densely growing coastal vegetation on very mild ground slope dissipated tsunami energy more efficiently than the same vegetation on relatively steep ground slope.
WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1142/S179343110800030X
DOI ID：10.1142/S179343110800030X, ISSN：1793-4311, Web of Science ID：WOS:000262137900004

Effect of water level fluctuations on nitrogen removal and plant growth performance in vertical subsurface-flow wetland mesocosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
S. Sasikala; Norio Tanaka; K. B. S. N. Jinadasa
JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY, Volume：23, Number：1, First page：101, Last page：112, Mar. 2008
The effects of Typha orientalis and water level fluctuation on nitrogen and organic carbon removal were studied in vertical subsurface flow mesocosm columns over a six month period. The treatments were control (U1, without plants); conventional (U2, no fluctuation); drawdown (U3, daily removal of wastewater from the upper 5 cm layer); and, drained (U4, removal of all pore water once every 10 days). Synthetic wastewater containing 20 mg L(-1) of total nitrogen (TN) and 10 mg L(-1) of total organic carbon (TOC) was used as the influent water. Influent and effluent waters were sampled every two weeks; T. orientalis was sampled at six-week intervals to evaluate biomass, shoot density, cumulative height and root porosity. The U3 system outperformed the U2 and U4 treatment systems (P<0.05) in nitrogen removal, and the U4 system outperformed U3 and U2 in TOC removal. Estimated plant biomasses under treatments systems U2, U3, and U4 were 2.43, 2.19 and 2.49 kg/m(2), respectively. T. orientalis that were grown under treatment U2 had the highest root porosity.
OIKOS PUBL INC, English
ISSN：0270-5060, Web of Science ID：WOS:000253388900010

スリランカ南部海岸線における海岸林機能再生に向けた国際共同研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
First page：102, Last page：104, 2008

津波に対する樹木の影響評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
2008

LEE (Landscape and Ecological Engineering) 3巻2号の紹介、「根茎植物であるヨシ(Phragmites australis)とオギ(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)の2種が群落において刈り取りや屈曲によって受ける影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Shamal Chandra Das; 田中規夫
Volume：33, Number：4, First page：623, 2008

LEE (Landscape and Ecological Engineering) 3巻2号の紹介、「異なる成長期に刈り取った後に再生したシュートの生産力と窒素含有量により評価したヒメガマ(Typha angustifolia)の窒素収支　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Shamal Chandra Das; 田中規夫
Volume：33, Number：4, First page：621, 2008

Investigation Team of Japan Society of Civil Engineering　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
First page：79, 2008

Modeling Approach on Studying the Effect of Water Level Fluctuation on Belowground Oxygen Dynamics in Wetland Mesocosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Weragoda, S.K; Tran Huyen Trang; Sasikala S; Jinadasa; K.B.S.N; Tanaka, N; Sasaki, Y
Volume：13, First page：1, Last page：10, 2008

Effect of Coastal and River Forests on Tsunami Run-up in River　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANIMOTO Katsutoshi; TANAKA Norio; THUY N. B.; IIMURA Kosuke
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B, Volume：55, First page：226, Last page：230, 2008
The effect of coastal and river forests on tsunami run-up in a river has been investigated by numerical simulations basedon two-dimensional non-linear long wave equations. A simple coastal and river topography is considered where theriver course is straight and perpendicular to the shore line. The coastal forest zone consists of Rhizophora apiculata woods of 200m wide in the offshore side from the shore line at high tide and Pandanus odoratissimus woods of 100mwide on the backshore. In the river, Rhizophora apiculata woods of 1000m long are placed on the high water channelnear the river mouth. The results of numerical simulations with and without forests suggest the possibility that the coastaland river forests can reduce the run-up not only on the coast but also in the river.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.55.226
DOI ID：10.2208/proce1989.55.226, ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：130003992236, CiNii Books ID：AN10369955

:INVESTIGATION BY 2-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANIMOTO Katsutoshi; TANAKA Norio; THUY N.B.; NANDASENA N.A.K.; IIMURA Kosuke
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B, Volume：24, First page：87, Last page：92, 2008
Numerical simulations of tsunami run-up have been carried out to investigate the effect of open gap in a coastal forest zone parallel to the shoreline. First, a straight open gap perpendicular to the shoreline is considered and the gap width is changed. As the gap width increases, the current velocity at the end of the open gap increases first, reaches to the maximum and then decreases, while the run-up height increases monotonously. The maximum velocity is 1.8 times comparing with the velocity without the coastal forest at the opening ratio of 0.075. This is mainly due to the effect of in-flow from the both sides of the open gap. Next, for the condition of the opening ratio with 0.075 the effects of an open gap parallel to the shoreline in the forest and a zigzag arrangement of the open gap are investigated. It is concluded that the effect of those difference in the arrangement is not large on the run-up height.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prooe.24.87
DOI ID：10.2208/prooe.24.87, ISSN：0912-7348, CiNii Articles ID：80019685325

砂礫州上に繁茂する植生の洪水時流失限界評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
八木澤順治; 田中規夫; 福岡捷二
Volume：14, First page：139, Last page：144, 2008

EFFECT OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORTATION INTO ARTIFICIAL EMBAYMENT BY TIDAL AND FLOOD FLOW ON EVIRONMENT OF EMBAYMENT　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
YUTANI Kentaro; UCHIDA Tetsuo; SASAKI Yasushi; TANAKA Norio
PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING, Volume：52, First page：697, Last page：702, 2008
The effect of sediment transportation into the artificial embayment by tidal and flood flow on the environment of embayment is considered. Changing of flow velocity and water depth by tidal event, and depth of accumulated sediment by flood event were investigated. It is thought that accumulated sediments in the embayment are transported by tidal flow, and accumulation of silt leads sediment of embayment to the anaerobic condition. Direct inflow of sediment in flood can be prevented with good devised configuration of the embayment and appropriate arrangement of vegetation.
On the embayment in tidal area, there is some possibility that effect of daily tidal flow on ecoenvironment is larger than that of irregular flood event.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.52.697
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.52.697, ISSN：0916-7374, eISSN：1884-9172, CiNii Articles ID：130004044096

旧川の持つ治水機能について(講演)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
First page：15, 2008

河道内樹木の洪水破壊形態と破壊限界値の基盤土壌条件による相違　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 八木澤順治; 佐々木寧; 福岡捷二
Volume：52, First page：649, Last page：654, 2008
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.52.649
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.52.649

Perspective of coastal Vegetation patches with topography variations for tsunami protection in 2D numerical modeling　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Nandasena; N. A. K; Tanaka, N; Tanimoto, K
Volume：JSCE, Number：52, First page：133, Last page：138, 2008
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.52.133
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.52.133

Evaluation of tsunami defense effects by coastal tree species on tsunami run-up height and current velocity reduction　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Iimura, K; Tanaka, N
First page：9, Last page：14, 2008

Effect of coconut coir-pith supplement on nitrogen and phosphate removal in subsurface flow wetland microcosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; A. K. Karunarathna; K. B. S. N. Jindasa
CHEMISTRY AND ECOLOGY, Volume：24, Number：1, First page：15, Last page：22, 2008
A series of sub surface flow wetland microcosms planted with and without Phragmites australis were established to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from synthetic wastewater at concentrations of 20-105 mg TN L-1 and 12-33 mg PO4-P L-1. Three planted microcosms were amended with coconut coir-pith aiming better performances for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The coir-pith had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on N removal that was clearly demonstrated for high TN loading as urea, in which coir-pith amended microcosms showed most efficient TN removal (92-99%) followed by untreated planted microcosms (85-88%), and controls without plant (24-44%). Phosphorus removal was equally efficient (> 99%) in planted and unplanted microcosms for first 120 days of experiment, then unplanted microcosms showed elevated levels of P in effluent waters that was higher than (p < 0.05) the planted microcosms. Although there was a small difference between two planted systems for P removal (p > 0.05), we conclude that the coir-pith supplement has no effect on P removal. The possible mechanisms for high N removal by coir-pith supplement supposed to be the enhancement of denitrification activity.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540701822401
DOI ID：10.1080/02757540701822401, ISSN：0275-7540, Web of Science ID：WOS:000253335500002

Differences of tree-breaking pattern and its moment at river floods and two tsunamis under different substrate condition, Development of sustainable infrastructures in Asia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Yagisawa, J
First page：1, Last page：8, 2008

2007年バングラデシュ・サイクロンSIDR高潮水害調査報告書　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
土木学会バングラデシュ水害調査に対する災害緊急調査団
First page：86, 2008

スリランカ南部海岸線における海岸林機能再生に向けた国際共同研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
国際学術研究助成研究成果報告書（平成17-19年度）, First page：102, Last page：104, 2008

津波に対する樹木の影響評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
海岸林の津波被害軽減効果に関する科研費成果報告会「インド洋大津波に対する海岸林の効果の検証と今後の海岸域の保全のあり方」 : 講演資料, 2008

LEE (Landscape and Ecological Engineering) 3巻2号の紹介、「根茎植物であるヨシ(Phragmites australis)とオギ(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)の2種が群落において刈り取りや屈曲によって受ける影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Shamal Chandra Das; 田中規夫
日本緑化工学会誌, Volume：33, Number：4, First page：623, 2008

LEE (Landscape and Ecological Engineering) 3巻2号の紹介、「異なる成長期に刈り取った後に再生したシュートの生産力と窒素含有量により評価したヒメガマ(Typha angustifolia)の窒素収支　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Shamal Chandra Das; 田中規夫
日本緑化工学会誌, Volume：33, Number：4, First page：621, 2008

Investigation Team of Japan Society of Civil Engineering　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Investigation Report on the Storm Surge Disaster by Cyclone SIDR in 2007, Bangladesh, First page：79, 2008

Modeling Approach on Studying the Effect of Water Level Fluctuation on Belowground Oxygen Dynamics in Wetland Mesocosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Weragoda, S.K; Tran Huyen Trang; Sasikala S; Jinadasa; K.B.S.N; Tanaka, N; Sasaki, Y
KKU Journal, Volume：13, First page：1, Last page：10, 2008

津波の河川遡上へ及ぼす海岸および河道内樹林の影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
谷本勝利; 田中規夫; N. B. THUY; 飯村耕介
海岸工学論文集, Volume：55, First page：226, Last page：230, 2008
The effect of coastal and river forests on tsunami run-up in a river has been investigated by numerical simulations basedon two-dimensional non-linear long wave equations. A simple coastal and river topography is considered where theriver course is straight and perpendicular to the shore line. The coastal forest zone consists of Rhizophora apiculata woods of 200m wide in the offshore side from the shore line at high tide and Pandanus odoratissimus woods of 100mwide on the backshore. In the river, Rhizophora apiculata woods of 1000m long are placed on the high water channelnear the river mouth. The results of numerical simulations with and without forests suggest the possibility that the coastaland river forests can reduce the run-up not only on the coast but also in the river.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.55.226
DOI ID：10.2208/proce1989.55.226, ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：130003992236, CiNii Books ID：AN10369955

津波遡上に対する海岸樹林内通路の影響２次元数値計算による検討　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
谷本勝利; 田中規夫; N. B. Thuy; N. A. K. Nandasena; 飯村耕介
海洋開発論文集, Volume：24, First page：87, Last page：92, 2008
Numerical simulations of tsunami run-up have been carried out to investigate the effect of open gap in a coastal forest zone parallel to the shoreline. First, a straight open gap perpendicular to the shoreline is considered and the gap width is changed. As the gap width increases, the current velocity at the end of the open gap increases first, reaches to the maximum and then decreases, while the run-up height increases monotonously. The maximum velocity is 1.8 times comparing with the velocity without the coastal forest at the opening ratio of 0.075. This is mainly due to the effect of in-flow from the both sides of the open gap. Next, for the condition of the opening ratio with 0.075 the effects of an open gap parallel to the shoreline in the forest and a zigzag arrangement of the open gap are investigated. It is concluded that the effect of those difference in the arrangement is not large on the run-up height.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prooe.24.87
DOI ID：10.2208/prooe.24.87, ISSN：0912-7348, CiNii Articles ID：80019685325

砂礫州上に繁茂する植生の洪水時流失限界評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
八木澤順治; 田中規夫; 福岡捷二
河川技術論文集, Volume：14, First page：139, Last page：144, 2008

Impact of harvesting on constructed wetlands performance - a comparison between Scirpus grossus and Typha angustifolia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
K. B. S. N. Jinadasa; N. Tanaka; S. Sasikala; D. R. I. B. Werellagama; M. I. M. Mowjood; W. J. Ng
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, Volume：43, Number：6, First page：664, Last page：671, 2008
Three units of free water surface (FWS) constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater under tropical conditions were examined in terms of water quality and biomass characteristics. One unit (L2) was planted with Scirpus grossus, one with Typha angustifolia (L3), and the unplanted third (L1) served as control. Influent and effluent quality parameters: biological oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrate (NO3--N), ammonium (NH4+-N), phosphorus (P), total suspended solids (TSS) and fecal coliforms were regularly measured. The average BOD5 reductions were 37.0%, 58.5%, and 53.8% for units L1, L2, and L3, respectively. The planted units removed pollutants more effectively although there was no significant difference between the Scirpus grossus and Typha angustifolia units. Plant growth was monitored in marked quadrats by measuring shoot height and other growth parameters. The above-ground organs in L2 and L3 was harvested whenever the shoots reached maximum shoot height and formed flowers. Scirpus grossus had sustainable above-ground biomass production but Typha angustifolia could not sustain repeated harvestings with the above-ground biomass production declining significantly following four consecutive harvests.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520801893808
DOI ID：10.1080/10934520801893808, ISSN：1093-4529, CiNii Articles ID：80019548585, PubMed ID：18393076, Web of Science ID：WOS:000254869600013

潮汐流および洪水流による人工ワンドへの土砂流入と環境への影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
湯谷賢太郎; 内田哲夫; 佐々木寧; 田中規夫
水工学論文集, Volume：52, First page：697, Last page：702, 2008
The effect of sediment transportation into the artificial embayment by tidal and flood flow on the environment of embayment is considered. Changing of flow velocity and water depth by tidal event, and depth of accumulated sediment by flood event were investigated. It is thought that accumulated sediments in the embayment are transported by tidal flow, and accumulation of silt leads sediment of embayment to the anaerobic condition. Direct inflow of sediment in flood can be prevented with good devised configuration of the embayment and appropriate arrangement of vegetation.
On the embayment in tidal area, there is some possibility that effect of daily tidal flow on ecoenvironment is larger than that of irregular flood event.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.52.697
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.52.697, ISSN：0916-7374, eISSN：1884-9172, CiNii Articles ID：130004044096

旧川の持つ治水機能について(講演)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
東久留米市立中央図書館, First page：15, 2008

河道内樹木の洪水破壊形態と破壊限界値の基盤土壌条件による相違　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 八木澤順治; 佐々木寧; 福岡捷二
水工学論文集, Volume：52, First page：649, Last page：654, 2008
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.52.649
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.52.649

Perspective of coastal Vegetation patches with topography variations for tsunami protection in 2D numerical modeling　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Nandasena; N. A. K; Tanaka, N; Tanimoto, K
Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Volume：JSCE, Number：52, First page：133, Last page：138, 2008
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.52.133
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.52.133

Evaluation of tsunami defense effects by coastal tree species on tsunami run-up height and current velocity reduction　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Iimura, K; Tanaka, N
Development of sustainable infrastructures in Asia, First page：9, Last page：14, 2008

Effect of coconut coir-pith supplement on nitrogen and phosphate removal in subsurface flow wetland microcosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; A. K. Karunarathna; K. B. S. N. Jindasa
CHEMISTRY AND ECOLOGY, Volume：24, Number：1, First page：15, Last page：22, 2008
A series of sub surface flow wetland microcosms planted with and without Phragmites australis were established to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from synthetic wastewater at concentrations of 20-105 mg TN L-1 and 12-33 mg PO4-P L-1. Three planted microcosms were amended with coconut coir-pith aiming better performances for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The coir-pith had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on N removal that was clearly demonstrated for high TN loading as urea, in which coir-pith amended microcosms showed most efficient TN removal (92-99%) followed by untreated planted microcosms (85-88%), and controls without plant (24-44%). Phosphorus removal was equally efficient (> 99%) in planted and unplanted microcosms for first 120 days of experiment, then unplanted microcosms showed elevated levels of P in effluent waters that was higher than (p < 0.05) the planted microcosms. Although there was a small difference between two planted systems for P removal (p > 0.05), we conclude that the coir-pith supplement has no effect on P removal. The possible mechanisms for high N removal by coir-pith supplement supposed to be the enhancement of denitrification activity.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540701822401
DOI ID：10.1080/02757540701822401, ISSN：0275-7540, Web of Science ID：WOS:000253335500002

Differences of tree-breaking pattern and its moment at river floods and two tsunamis under different substrate condition, Development of sustainable infrastructures in Asia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Yagisawa, J
Proceedings of International collaborative graduate symposium between Saitama University, Japan and University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, First page：1, Last page：8, 2008

2007年バングラデシュ・サイクロンSIDR高潮水害調査報告書　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
土木学会バングラデシュ水害調査に対する災害緊急調査団
土木学会海岸工学委員会・水工学委員会・社会支援部門調査支援対策本部, First page：86, 2008

The effects of breaking or bending the stems of two rhizomatous plants, Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus, on their communities　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Shamal Chandra Das; Norio Tanaka
Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Volume：3, Number：2, First page：131, Last page：141, Nov. 2007
To understand the effects of disturbance on vegetation, bending and cutting experiments were conducted on two rhizomatous plant species, Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus, in a floodplain area of the Arakawa River, Japan. The plants were damaged in the late development growth stage on 3 August 2004 (August disturbance) and in the middle development growth stage on 29 June 2005 (June disturbance). The severity of the damage was evaluated based on shoot morphology and belowground biomass. The recoveries of the two plants from the flood-like artificial disturbance were compared with undisturbed stands. The morphological response of the shoot was higher after the June disturbance than after the August disturbance in both plants. In contrast, the recovery of belowground biomass in P. australis at the end of the growth season was higher after the August disturbance (87 and 72% for bending and cutting, respectively) compared with the June disturbance (84 and 60% for the same). The recoveries in M. sacchariflorus for the two disturbances showed the opposite trend (73 and 59% for bending and cutting, respectively, after the August disturbance, and 90 and 73% after the same disturbance in June). The study demonstrated that an event like flooding, whether it is breaking or bending, will cause greater damage if it occurs at the late development growth stage in M. sacchariflorus compared with the middle development growth stage. In contrast, P. australis tolerated disturbances up to a certain magnitude
after that, the effect was more severe in the middle development growth stage compared with late development growth stage. © 2007 International Consortium of Landscape and Ecological Engineering and Springer.
English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-007-0028-x
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-007-0028-x, ISSN：1860-1871, SCOPUS ID：35548954712

The effects of breaking or bending the stems of two rhizomatous plants, Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus, on their communities　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Shamal Chandra Das; Norio Tanaka
Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Volume：3, Number：2, First page：131, Last page：141, Nov. 2007
To understand the effects of disturbance on vegetation, bending and cutting experiments were conducted on two rhizomatous plant species, Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus, in a floodplain area of the Arakawa River, Japan. The plants were damaged in the late development growth stage on 3 August 2004 (August disturbance) and in the middle development growth stage on 29 June 2005 (June disturbance). The severity of the damage was evaluated based on shoot morphology and belowground biomass. The recoveries of the two plants from the flood-like artificial disturbance were compared with undisturbed stands. The morphological response of the shoot was higher after the June disturbance than after the August disturbance in both plants. In contrast, the recovery of belowground biomass in P. australis at the end of the growth season was higher after the August disturbance (87 and 72% for bending and cutting, respectively) compared with the June disturbance (84 and 60% for the same). The recoveries in M. sacchariflorus for the two disturbances showed the opposite trend (73 and 59% for bending and cutting, respectively, after the August disturbance, and 90 and 73% after the same disturbance in June). The study demonstrated that an event like flooding, whether it is breaking or bending, will cause greater damage if it occurs at the late development growth stage in M. sacchariflorus compared with the middle development growth stage. In contrast, P. australis tolerated disturbances up to a certain magnitude
after that, the effect was more severe in the middle development growth stage compared with late development growth stage. © 2007 International Consortium of Landscape and Ecological Engineering and Springer.
English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-007-0028-x
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-007-0028-x, ISSN：1860-1871, SCOPUS ID：35548954712

Estimating nitrogen budgets of Typha angustifolia by considering the regrowth shoot productivity and nitrogen content after harvesting aerial organs in different growing seasons　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Shamal Chandra Das; Norio Tanaka
Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Volume：3, Number：2, First page：99, Last page：108, Nov. 2007
A dynamic model that includes regrowth after harvesting aerial shoots of an emergent macrophyte, Typha angustifolia L., was applied to evaluate the nitrogen (N) budget and the N uptake by the plant from sediment in Shibakawa Pond, Japan. Under natural conditions (control/uncut stands), the analysis showed that the annual uptake of N from sediment was 26.6 gN/m2 and harvesting Typha shoots at their growth peak removed 29.0 gN/m2 from the system (142 days in summer). Harvesting in winter after weathering of leaves removed only 13.9 gN/m2. To evaluate the N budget considering regrowth shoot characteristics, three sets of harvesting experiments were done on 16 May, 8 July, and 5 August 2003. Our study revealed that May, July, and August harvesting removed 9.4, 21.9, and 16.3 gN/m2, respectively. Further, combining the first harvesting from spring to summer and the second harvesting in autumn (before the start of senescence of regrowth shoots), the annual total N removals in stands cut in May and autumn and July and autumn were 34.7 and 36.0 gN/m2, respectively-higher than that in stands cut in August and autumn (22.2 gN/m2) or that in uncut stands (13.9 gN/m2). At the same time, the amounts stored in rhizomes by stands cut in May and autumn, July and autumn, and August and autumn were 9.1, 8.4, and 4.4 gN/m2, respectively, lower than that in uncut stands (18.8 gN/m2). Our results suggest that summer harvesting, especially in July to August, improves N removal efficiency and decreases the translocation of N from primary shoots to rhizomes, which is important for the sustainable management of Typha-dominated wetlands. Combined summer and autumn harvests further increase the removal efficiency but drastically reduce the storage of N. This might be useful when we need to control the plants properly. © 2007 International Consortium of Landscape and Ecological Engineering and Springer.
English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-007-0024-1
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-007-0024-1, ISSN：1860-1871, SCOPUS ID：35548943624

Flow structures and drag characteristics of a colony-type emergent roughness model mounted on a flat plate in uniform flow　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Takeshi Takemura; Norio Tanaka
Fluid Dynamics Research, Volume：39, Number：9-10, First page：694, Last page：710, 10 Oct. 2007
The characteristics of flow structures around a colony-type emergent roughness model, hereafter called 'colony model', mounted on a flat plate in uniform flow and the drag coefficient Cdc for the colony model are investigated by flow visualization, spectral analysis, velocity measurement and drag force measurement. Two types of colony models, each comprising seven equally spaced cylinders with grid or staggered arrangement are mounted on a water flume bed. The flow structure around the colony model changes depending on L / D and G / D (L: space between neighboring cylinders, D: diameter of a cylinder, G: space between cylinders in the cross-stream direction). Two types of flow structures, a large-scale Kármán vortex street (LKV) behind the colony models and a primitive Kármán vortex street (PKV) behind the individual cylinders, are generated. LKV is formed along the shear layer for G / D <
0.4. When G / D >
1.8, PKV behind each cylinder is stably formed because of the decrease in difference between the velocity through the colony model and that of the detour flow. The velocity through the colony model, which plays a key role for the phenomenon change, strongly increases with G / D at first and then gradually. The tendency of the velocity curve changes around G / D = 1.8 for each arrangement. It almost coincides with the initiation of the formation of PKV. On the other hand, Cdc for the colony model increases in the range of 0.08 <
G / D <
0.75(0.25 <
L / D <
1) and 0 <
G / D <
1(1 <
L / D <
3) for the grid and staggered arrangements, respectively. The changing point of the tendency in the Cdc curve is located in the middle of the transition zone for the two vortex structures (0.4 <
G / D <
1.8). Moreover, the Cdc value for the colony model is nearly constant, independent of the two arrangements, when G / D >
1.8. © 2007 The Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics and Elsevier B.V.
English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2007.06.001
DOI ID：10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2007.06.001, ISSN：0169-5983, CiNii Articles ID：120001370589, SCOPUS ID：34548321753

Flow structures and drag characteristics of a colony-type emergent roughness model mounted on a flat plate in uniform flow　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Takeshi Takemura; Norio Tanaka
Fluid Dynamics Research, Volume：39, Number：9-10, First page：694, Last page：710, 10 Oct. 2007
The characteristics of flow structures around a colony-type emergent roughness model, hereafter called 'colony model', mounted on a flat plate in uniform flow and the drag coefficient Cdc for the colony model are investigated by flow visualization, spectral analysis, velocity measurement and drag force measurement. Two types of colony models, each comprising seven equally spaced cylinders with grid or staggered arrangement are mounted on a water flume bed. The flow structure around the colony model changes depending on L / D and G / D (L: space between neighboring cylinders, D: diameter of a cylinder, G: space between cylinders in the cross-stream direction). Two types of flow structures, a large-scale Kármán vortex street (LKV) behind the colony models and a primitive Kármán vortex street (PKV) behind the individual cylinders, are generated. LKV is formed along the shear layer for G / D <
0.4. When G / D >
1.8, PKV behind each cylinder is stably formed because of the decrease in difference between the velocity through the colony model and that of the detour flow. The velocity through the colony model, which plays a key role for the phenomenon change, strongly increases with G / D at first and then gradually. The tendency of the velocity curve changes around G / D = 1.8 for each arrangement. It almost coincides with the initiation of the formation of PKV. On the other hand, Cdc for the colony model increases in the range of 0.08 <
G / D <
0.75(0.25 <
L / D <
1) and 0 <
G / D <
1(1 <
L / D <
3) for the grid and staggered arrangements, respectively. The changing point of the tendency in the Cdc curve is located in the middle of the transition zone for the two vortex structures (0.4 <
G / D <
1.8). Moreover, the Cdc value for the colony model is nearly constant, independent of the two arrangements, when G / D >
1.8. © 2007 The Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics and Elsevier B.V.
English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2007.06.001
DOI ID：10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2007.06.001, ISSN：0169-5983, CiNii Articles ID：10021167623, SCOPUS ID：34548321753

Flow structures and drag characteristics of a colony-type emergent roughness model mounted on a flat plate in uniform flow　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Takeshi Takemura; Norio Tanaka
FLUID DYNAMICS RESEARCH, Volume：39, Number：9-10, First page：694, Last page：710, Sep. 2007
The characteristics of flow structures around a colony-type emergent roughness model, hereafter called 'colony model'. mounted on a flat plate in uniform flow and the drag coefficient C-dc for the colony model are investigated by flow visualization, spectral analysis, velocity measurement and drag force measurement. Two types of colony models. each comprising seven equally spaced cylinders with grid or staggered arrangement are mounted on a water flume bed. The flow structure around the colony model changes depending on LID and G/D (L: space between neighboring cylinders, D: diameter of a cylinder, G: space between cylinders in the cross-stream direction). Two types of flow structures. a large-scale Karman vortex street (LKV) behind the colony models and a primitive Karman vortex street (PKV) behind the individual cylinders, are generated. LKV is formed along the shear layer for G/D < 0.4. When G/D > 1.8 PKV behind each cylinder is stably formed because of the decrease in difference between the velocity through the colony model and that of the detour flow. The velocity through the colony model, which plays a key role for the phenomenon change, strongly increases with G/D at first and then gradually. The tendency of the velocity curve changes around G/D = 1.8 for each arrangement. It almost coincides with the initiation of the formation of PKV. On the other hand, Cdc for the colony model increases in the range of 0.08 < G/D < 0.75 (0.25 < LID < 1) and 0 < G/D < I (I < LID < 3) for the grid and staggered arrangements, respectively. The changing point of the tendency in the C-dc, curve is located in the middle of the transition zone for the two vortex(0.4 < G/D < 1.8). Moreover, the C-dc value for the colony model is nearly constant, independent of the two arrangements, when G/D > 1.8. (c) 2007 The Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics and Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
IOP PUBLISHING LTD, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2007.06.001
DOI ID：10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2007.06.001, ISSN：0169-5983, eISSN：1873-7005, CiNii Articles ID：120001370589, Web of Science ID：WOS:000249941200003

Flow structures and drag characteristics of a colony-type emergent roughness model mounted on a flat plate in uniform flow　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Takeshi Takemura; Norio Tanaka
FLUID DYNAMICS RESEARCH, Volume：39, Number：9-10, First page：694, Last page：710, Sep. 2007
The characteristics of flow structures around a colony-type emergent roughness model, hereafter called 'colony model'. mounted on a flat plate in uniform flow and the drag coefficient C-dc for the colony model are investigated by flow visualization, spectral analysis, velocity measurement and drag force measurement. Two types of colony models. each comprising seven equally spaced cylinders with grid or staggered arrangement are mounted on a water flume bed. The flow structure around the colony model changes depending on LID and G/D (L: space between neighboring cylinders, D: diameter of a cylinder, G: space between cylinders in the cross-stream direction). Two types of flow structures. a large-scale Karman vortex street (LKV) behind the colony models and a primitive Karman vortex street (PKV) behind the individual cylinders, are generated. LKV is formed along the shear layer for G/D < 0.4. When G/D > 1.8 PKV behind each cylinder is stably formed because of the decrease in difference between the velocity through the colony model and that of the detour flow. The velocity through the colony model, which plays a key role for the phenomenon change, strongly increases with G/D at first and then gradually. The tendency of the velocity curve changes around G/D = 1.8 for each arrangement. It almost coincides with the initiation of the formation of PKV. On the other hand, Cdc for the colony model increases in the range of 0.08 < G/D < 0.75 (0.25 < LID < 1) and 0 < G/D < I (I < LID < 3) for the grid and staggered arrangements, respectively. The changing point of the tendency in the C-dc, curve is located in the middle of the transition zone for the two vortex(0.4 < G/D < 1.8). Moreover, the C-dc value for the colony model is nearly constant, independent of the two arrangements, when G/D > 1.8. (c) 2007 The Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics and Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
IOP PUBLISHING LTD, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2007.06.001
DOI ID：10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2007.06.001, ISSN：0169-5983, eISSN：1873-7005, CiNii Articles ID：10021167623, Web of Science ID：WOS:000249941200003

Effect of broken dead culms of Phragmites australis on radial oxygen loss in relation to radiation and temperature　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Kentaro Yutani; Thidar Aye; K. B. S. N. Jinadasa
HYDROBIOLOGIA, Volume：583, First page：165, Last page：172, Jun. 2007
The amount of oxygen released from the roots of Phragmites australis was quantified to examine the effects of airflow through dead culms, radiation, and temperature on radial oxygen loss (ROL). To investigate the effect of dead culms on ROL quantitatively, the ROL of individual plants with open dead culms was compared to that of plants with sealed dead culms as a function of light intensity and temperature. The relationship between ROL and plant morphology (aboveground biomass, shoot diameter, shoot height) was investigated. When exposed to 300, 600, and 900 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) light, the ROL was 15.6, 22.5, and 30.9 mu mol O(2) g(-1) dry root day(-1), respectively, from plants with open dead culms and 11.0, 16.4, and 23.3 mu mol O(2) g(-1) dry root day(-1), respectively, from plants with sealed dead culms. The ROL from plants with open dead culms was obviously higher than that from plants with sealed dead culms in every condition. The ROL from plants with open culms was 37% and 30% higher than that from plants with sealed culms at 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively. The effects of plant-specific parameters such as leaf area and shoot diameter on radial oxygen loss were evident. From the point of view of rhizosphere oxidation during the growing season, the existence of open dead culms should be taken into consideration for optimal plant management in constructed wetlands. This study provides a theoretical understanding of the effects of open dead culms, light conditions, and temperature on radial oxygen loss.
SPRINGER, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0483-7
DOI ID：10.1007/s10750-006-0483-7, ISSN：0018-8158, Web of Science ID：WOS:000245358700012

Coastal vegetation structures and their functions in tsunami protection: Experience of the recent Indian Ocean tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Yasushi Sasaki; M. I.M. Mowjood; K. B.S.N. Jinadasa; Samang Homchuen
Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Volume：3, Number：1, First page：33, Last page：45, May 2007
This study explored the effects of coastal vegetation on tsunami damage based on field observations carried out after the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004. Study locations covered about 250 km (19 locations) on the southern coast of Sri Lanka and about 200 km (29 locations) on the Andaman coast of Thailand. The representative vegetation was classified into six types according to their habitat and the stand structures of the trees. The impact of vegetation structure on drag forces was analyzed using the observed characteristics of the tree species. The drag coefficient, including the vertical stand structures of trees, C d-all, and the vegetation thickness (cumulative trunk diameter of vegetation in the tsunami direction) per unit area, dN u (d: reference diameter of trees, N u : number of trees per unit area), varied greatly with the species classification. Based on the field survey and data analysis, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata (hereafter R. apiculata-type), kinds of mangroves, and Pandanus odoratissimus, a representative tree that grows in beach sand, were found to be especially effective in providing protection from tsunami damage due to their complex aerial root structure. Two layers of vegetation in the vertical direction with P. odoratissimus and Casuarina equisetifolia and a horizontal vegetation structure of small and large diameter trees were also important for increasing drag and trapping floating objects, broken branches, houses, and people. The vertical structure also provided an effective soft landing for people washed up by the tsunami or for escaping when the tsunami waves hit, although its dN u is not large compared with R. apiculata-type and P. odoratissimus. In addition, the creeks inside mangroves and the gaps inside C. equisetifolia vegetation are assumed to be effective for retarding tsunami waves. This information should be considered in future coastal landscape planning, rehabilitation, and coastal resource management. © International Consortium of Landscape and Ecological Engineering and Springer 2007.
English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-006-0013-9
DOI ID：10.1007/s11355-006-0013-9, ISSN：1860-1871, SCOPUS ID：34247203693

海岸林を再生・活用するランドスケープ研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
2007

Experimental study on flow structures and drag characteristics of colony-type roughness models considering roughness density and relative height to water depth　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Shiho ITO; Norio TANAKA
Volume：New technologies for infrastructure development and protection, First page：166, Last page：173, 2007

CHANGE OF THRESHOLD VELOCITY FOR GRAVEL MOVEMENT BY RUNNER EXPANSION AND GROWTH OF Phragmites japonica ON A GRAVEL BAR : MODELING APPROACH　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; YAGISAWA Junji; OGAWA Tomohiro
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B, Volume：51, Number：1, First page：1255, Last page：1260, 2007
he effect of flood disturbance on the morphology of runners, plant productivity and runner-expansion characteristics of Pharagmites japonica was investigated at midstream of the Arakawa River. The dynamic growth model of P. japonica was developed considering the effect of disturbance, i. e., the difference of runner morphology and shoot productivity in the parent colony. The aboveground biomass distribution along the distance from the parent colony was well represented by the model. For analyzing the effect of flood disturbance interval, maximum water levels at three flood events were calculated and evaluated whether the habitat of P. japonica were inundated or not. In addition, the threshold friction velocity of the average grain diameter was compared with the friction velocity at the flood event. Although the gravel movement possibility has a little different tendency with the damaged situation of P. japonica, the clear relationship between the flood interval and the productivity in each habitat is found. The analysis indicates the possibility to calculate the plant productivity under the effect of flood disturbance.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.51.1255
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.51.1255, ISSN：0912-2508, CiNii Articles ID：10021137809, CiNii Books ID：AA1045915X

2006年ジャワ津波災害において海岸林が果たした役割とその破断・なぎ倒し限界　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 佐々木寧
Volume：51, First page：1445, Last page：1450, 2007
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.51.1445
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.51.1445

シナダレスズメガヤの繁茂量の違いを考慮した土砂移動限界の変化および洪水時流失条件の評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
八木澤順治; 田中規夫
Volume：51, First page：1249, Last page：1254, 2007
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.51.1249
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.51.1249

A NEW DERIVATION OF HORIZONTAL TWO DIMENSIONAL DEPTH AVERAGED MOMENTUM EQUATION AND CONTINUITY EQUATION, WHICH INCLUDE TOTAL EFFECT OF POROSITY INSIDE THE VEGETATION　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
NANDASENA N. A. K.; TANAKA Norio; TAKAGI Toshimitsu
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B, Volume：51, First page：163, Last page：168, 2007
Porosity effects on the hydrodynamic equations are minimal in comparison with other resistance forces like drag and inertia that generated by water flow through vegetation in case of sparsely grown forests. However, in case of densely grown vegetation that have lowest porosity (high blockage) can impose considerable effects on final outcomes. Horizontal two-dimensional depth averaged momentum and continuity equations were derived in first principles with porosity enhancement and it was noticed that new derivations showed considerable contrast with early practiced equations. Two-dimensional numerical simulations were employed to show difference between the results of new and previous equations. It was found that, newly derived equations predicted maximum current velocity was higher than previous equations, maximum water depth was less than previous equations at mid and front of the forest, but maximum water depth was higher than previous equations at behind the forest.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.51.163
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.51.163, ISSN：0916-7374, CiNii Articles ID：130003842437

防災バイオシールドとしての海岸林の構築、維持管理、運用：スリランカを事例として(招待講演)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
Volume：第4回エネルギー環境科学公開シンポジウム, First page：19, Last page：22, 2007

Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Prevention by Coastal Forest with Several Species of Tropical Tree　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANIMOTO Katsutoshi; TANAKA Norio; Nandasena N. A. K.; IIMURA Kosuke; SHIMIZU Takashi
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B, Volume：54, First page：1381, Last page：1385, 2007
Tsunami prevention effects of coastal forest with several species of tropical tree have been investigated by one dimensional numerical simulation based on the non-linear long wave equations. The effects vary greatly with the species, the wood size and their combination. It is found that a coastal forest system consisting of 100m wide Rhizaphora apiculata woods in the water from the shoreline on the bottom of 1/200 slope, 50m wide mixed woods of Pandanus odoratissimum and Casuarina equisentifolia, and 50m wide Pandanus odoratissimum woods on the land of 1/100 slope can reduce the run-up height from 6.3m to 4.7m and the tsunami force at the end of forest from 14kN/m to 3.3 kN/m for a tsunami of 15 minutes in the period. The tsunami height at the shore line in case of no forest is about 5m.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.54.1381
DOI ID：10.2208/proce1989.54.1381, ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：130003808005

洪水撹乱影響を受ける砂礫州における多年生草本の動態評価手法の開発と適正な草本管理方針の作成(平成19年度前田工学賞授賞式)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
First page：66, Last page：69, 2007

河道内樹木の洪水撹乱規模と樹齢による破壊限界変化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 八木澤順治; 青木信哉; 福岡捷二
Volume：13, First page：177, Last page：182, 2007

河口付近の海岸・河岸における樹林帯の津波遡上防止機能を評価する高精度な河川内津波遡上モデルの開発　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
谷本勝利; 田中規夫; 佐々木寧; 湯谷賢太郎
2007

インド洋大津波とジャワ津波に見る海岸林の津波減災効果　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
Volume：講演概要集, First page：「津波減災にむけて」, 2007

インドネシアジャワ島の南西沖地震津波災害調査(速報)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
佐々木寧; 田中規夫
Volume：40, First page：42, Last page：50, 2007

The role of coastal vegetation in case of the Indian Ocean tsunami-Coastal area of Thailand and Sri Lanka-　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
SASAKI Y.
Mangrove Science, Volume：4/5, Number：5, First page：49, Last page：55, 2007
CiNii Articles ID：10025895627

Sustainable coastal vegetation-based landscaping: Its role for tsunami protection in Sri Lanka　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Mowjood; M.I.M; Werellagama; D.R.I.B; Jinadasa; K.B.S.N; Y. Sasaki
Volume：CDROM, 2007

Numerical simulation of wind flow around single and double arranged windbreaks　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Mulati Yusaiyin; Tanaka, N; Takagi, T
Volume：Proc. 9th Int., First page：107, Last page：110, 2007

Limitations of coastal vegetation in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 2006 Java tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Yasushi Sasaki
Volume：32nd, First page：Congress, 2007

Establishment of sustainable coastal vegetation Experiences from Sri Lanka　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
K.B.S.N.Jinadasa; Tanaka, N; Sasaki, Y; Mowjood; M.I.M; Werellagama; D.R.I
Volume：Proc. 9th Int., First page：303, Last page：306, 2007

Effect of water level fluctuations on nitrogen removal and plant growth in a vertical subsurface flow wetland mesocosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Sasikala, S; Tanaka,N; Yutani,K; Jinadasa KBSN
Volume：Proc. 9th Int., First page：291, Last page：294, 2007

Effect of Water Level Fluctuation on Radial Oxygen Loss(ROL) of Typha orientalis in a vertical flow wetland mesocosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Wah Wah; Han Su Yin; Tanaka, N; Yutani, K; S Sasikala
Volume：Proc. 9th Int., First page：295, Last page：298, 2007

Change of threshold velocity for gravel movement by runner expansion and growth of Phragmites japonica on a gravel bar: Modeling approach　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Yagisawa, J; Ogawa, T
Volume：25, Number：1, First page：1, Last page：10, 2007

Capability of coastal vegetation species dominant in Asian region to retardate the tsunami impact.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Nandasena; N. A. K; Tanaka, N; Tanimoto, K
Volume：Proc. 9th Int., First page：115, Last page：118, 2007

Calculating Nitrogen Removal Efficiency with One Dimensional Nitrogen Budget Model on the Reed-Wetland Soil System　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Yutani, K; N. Tanaka
Volume：55, Number：1/2, First page：129 138, 2007
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.031
DOI ID：10.2166/wst.2007.031

Bio-shield in Coastal and Aquatic Environment, Environmentally Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Asia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N
2007

Ammonium adsorption capacity of sand in constructed wetland mesocosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
T.H. Trang; Tanaka, N; Yutani, K; Sasikala S
Volume：Proc. 9th Int., First page：299, Last page：302, 2007

海岸林を再生・活用するランドスケープ研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
総合研究機構研究プロジェクト成果発表会 : ポスター展示, 2007

Experimental study on flow structures and drag characteristics of colony-type roughness models considering roughness density and relative height to water depth　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Shiho ITO; Norio TANAKA
Proceedings of the joint seminar organized by School of Civil Engineering & Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Thailand and Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Saitama University, Japan, Volume：New technologies for infrastructure development and protection, First page：166, Last page：173, 2007

洪水攪乱影響の違いがツルヨシの形態的特徴と繁茂量・拡大幅に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
青木信哉; 田中規夫; 八木澤順治
水工学論文集, Volume：51, Number：1, First page：1255, Last page：1260, 2007
he effect of flood disturbance on the morphology of runners, plant productivity and runner-expansion characteristics of Pharagmites japonica was investigated at midstream of the Arakawa River. The dynamic growth model of P. japonica was developed considering the effect of disturbance, i. e., the difference of runner morphology and shoot productivity in the parent colony. The aboveground biomass distribution along the distance from the parent colony was well represented by the model. For analyzing the effect of flood disturbance interval, maximum water levels at three flood events were calculated and evaluated whether the habitat of P. japonica were inundated or not. In addition, the threshold friction velocity of the average grain diameter was compared with the friction velocity at the flood event. Although the gravel movement possibility has a little different tendency with the damaged situation of P. japonica, the clear relationship between the flood interval and the productivity in each habitat is found. The analysis indicates the possibility to calculate the plant productivity under the effect of flood disturbance.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.51.1255
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.51.1255, ISSN：0912-2508, CiNii Articles ID：10021137809, CiNii Books ID：AA1045915X

2006年ジャワ津波災害において海岸林が果たした役割とその破断・なぎ倒し限界　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 佐々木寧
水工学論文集, Volume：51, First page：1445, Last page：1450, 2007
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.51.1445
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.51.1445, CiNii Articles ID：80017872136

シナダレスズメガヤの繁茂量の違いを考慮した土砂移動限界の変化および洪水時流失条件の評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
八木澤順治; 田中規夫
水工学論文集, Volume：51, First page：1249, Last page：1254, 2007
Field observation was conducted to elucidate the effect of Eragrostis curvula on the threshold of gravel movement at midstream of the Arakawa River. Under various hydraulic conditions (particle diameter, bed slope and water depth) and growth conditions (colony diameter and density of the plant), Shields parameter of the gravel in the plant-vegetated area was estimated using the drag characteristics of the plant and calculated friction velocity affected by the plant. Threshold of gravel movement of median grain size (d₅₀) and d₈₄ (84% of the grain weight) around the plants was evaluated by comparing friction velocity of the flow condition with the critical friction velocity of the diameter. The removal threshold of Eragrostis curvula was defined at which the friction velocity affected by the plant's drag is equal to the critical friction velocity of d₈₄. The threshold condition related to HI (H: water depth, I: bed slope) and the drag by plant was validated for a flood in the Arakawa River and for two floods in the Yoshino River.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.51.1249
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.51.1249, ISSN：0916-7374, CiNii Articles ID：130003842392

A new derivation of two dimensional depth averaged momentum equation and continuity equation, which include total effect of porosity inside the vegetation,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Nandasena; N. A. K; Tanaka, N; Takagi, T
Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, JSCE, Volume：51, First page：163, Last page：168, 2007
Porosity effects on the hydrodynamic equations are minimal in comparison with other resistance forces like drag and inertia that generated by water flow through vegetation in case of sparsely grown forests. However, in case of densely grown vegetation that have lowest porosity (high blockage) can impose considerable effects on final outcomes. Horizontal two-dimensional depth averaged momentum and continuity equations were derived in first principles with porosity enhancement and it was noticed that new derivations showed considerable contrast with early practiced equations. Two-dimensional numerical simulations were employed to show difference between the results of new and previous equations. It was found that, newly derived equations predicted maximum current velocity was higher than previous equations, maximum water depth was less than previous equations at mid and front of the forest, but maximum water depth was higher than previous equations at behind the forest.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.51.163
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.51.163, ISSN：0916-7374, CiNii Articles ID：130003842437

防災バイオシールドとしての海岸林の構築、維持管理、運用：スリランカを事例として(招待講演)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
宇都宮大学, Volume：第4回エネルギー環境科学公開シンポジウム, First page：19, Last page：22, 2007

種々の熱帯性海岸樹の組合せによる津波防御効果に関する数値計算　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
谷本勝利; 田中規夫; N. A. Kithsiri Nandasena; 飯村耕介; 清水隆
海岸工学論文集, Volume：54, First page：1381, Last page：1385, 2007
Tsunami prevention effects of coastal forest with several species of tropical tree have been investigated by one dimensional numerical simulation based on the non-linear long wave equations. The effects vary greatly with the species, the wood size and their combination. It is found that a coastal forest system consisting of 100m wide Rhizaphora apiculata woods in the water from the shoreline on the bottom of 1/200 slope, 50m wide mixed woods of Pandanus odoratissimum and Casuarina equisentifolia, and 50m wide Pandanus odoratissimum woods on the land of 1/100 slope can reduce the run-up height from 6.3m to 4.7m and the tsunami force at the end of forest from 14kN/m to 3.3 kN/m for a tsunami of 15 minutes in the period. The tsunami height at the shore line in case of no forest is about 5m.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.54.1381
DOI ID：10.2208/proce1989.54.1381, ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：130003808005

洪水撹乱影響を受ける砂礫州における多年生草本の動態評価手法の開発と適正な草本管理方針の作成(平成19年度前田工学賞授賞式)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
研究報告平成17年度土木分野, First page：66, Last page：69, 2007

河道内樹木の洪水撹乱規模と樹齢による破壊限界変化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 八木澤順治; 青木信哉; 福岡捷二
河川技術論文集, Volume：13, First page：177, Last page：182, 2007

河口付近の海岸・河岸における樹林帯の津波遡上防止機能を評価する高精度な河川内津波遡上モデルの開発　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
谷本勝利; 田中規夫; 佐々木寧; 湯谷賢太郎
河川整備基金助成事業報告書, 2007

インド洋大津波とジャワ津波に見る海岸林の津波減災効果　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
谷本勝利先生退職記念シンポジウム, Volume：講演概要集, First page：「津波減災にむけて」, 2007

インドネシアジャワ島の南西沖地震津波災害調査(速報)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
佐々木寧; 田中規夫
埼玉大学紀要, 工学部, 第1部論文集, Volume：40, First page：42, Last page：50, 2007
CiNii Articles ID：80019980375

The role of coastal vegetation in case of the Indian Ocean tsunami - Coastal area of Thailand and Sri Lanka-　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Sasaki, Y; Samang Homchuen; Tanaka, N
Mangrove Science, Volume：4/5, First page：49, Last page：55, 2007

Sustainable coastal vegetation-based landscaping: Its role for tsunami protection in Sri Lanka　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Mowjood; M.I.M; Werellagama; D.R.I.B; Jinadasa; K.B.S.N; Y. Sasaki
Proceeding and abstracts of International Conference on Mitigation of the Risk of Natural Hazards, Volume：CDROM, 2007

Numerical simulation of wind flow around single and double arranged windbreaks　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Mulati Yusaiyin; Tanaka, N; Takagi, T
Summer Sym., Volume：Proc. 9th Int., First page：107, Last page：110, 2007

Limitations of coastal vegetation in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 2006 Java tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Yasushi Sasaki
IAHR, Volume：32nd, First page：Congress, 2007

Establishment of sustainable coastal vegetation Experiences from Sri Lanka　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
K.B.S.N.Jinadasa; Tanaka, N; Sasaki, Y; Mowjood; M.I.M; Werellagama; D.R.I
Summer Sym., Volume：Proc. 9th Int., First page：303, Last page：306, 2007

Effect of water level fluctuations on nitrogen removal and plant growth in a vertical subsurface flow wetland mesocosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Sasikala, S; Tanaka,N; Yutani,K; Jinadasa KBSN
Summer Sym.,, Volume：Proc. 9th Int., First page：291, Last page：294, 2007

Effect of Water Level Fluctuation on Radial Oxygen Loss(ROL) of Typha orientalis in a vertical flow wetland mesocosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Wah Wah; Han Su Yin; Tanaka, N; Yutani, K; S Sasikala
Summer Sym., Volume：Proc. 9th Int., First page：295, Last page：298, 2007

Effect of external organic matter on nutrient removal and growth of Phragmites australis in a laboratory-scale subsurface-flow treatment wetland　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
A. K. Karunarathna; N. Tanaka; K. B. S. N. Jinadasa
WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Volume：55, Number：1-2, First page：121, Last page：128, 2007
Coconut dust, which is used intensively in horticultural applications, was tested as an external organic additive in a series of laboratory-scale subsurface-flow constructed wetlands planted with Phragmites australis. The systems were fed with a mixture of NO3--N, NH4+-N, and SRP in tap water to simulate high nutrient loads. In the absence of plants, TN removal efficiency was 66%, and the efficiency increased to > 80% in the microcosm wetlands. TN and NO3- removal efficiencies were marginally increased by coconut-dust treatment in comparison with sand-bed microcosms. Analysis by ANOVA showed that the TN removal from a coconut dust-supplemented sand-bed microcosm was significantly different from a sand-bed microcosm (0.0437 < p < 0.05). All the systems showed an equal capacity to treat NH4+ nitrogen under low influent concentration levels. Phosphorus removal efficiencies were > 98% in all three systems, and a difference between planted and unplanted systems was not observed. Shoot height and shoot densities of P. australis grown in the coconut dust-supplemented medium were significantly higher than those grown in the sand-bed medium. The difference in P. australis growth in response to the coconut dust addition revealed that the added material has the potential to create favourable conditions for plant growth.
IWA PUBLISHING, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.030
DOI ID：10.2166/wst.2007.030, ISSN：0273-1223, Web of Science ID：WOS:000245786000016

Change of threshold velocity for gravel movement by runner expansion and growth of Phragmites japonica on a gravel bar: Modeling approach　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Yagisawa, J; Ogawa, T
J. of Hydroscience and Hydraulic Eng., Volume：25, Number：1, First page：1, Last page：10, 2007

Capability of coastal vegetation species dominant in Asian region to retardate the tsunami impact.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Nandasena; N. A. K; Tanaka, N; Tanimoto, K
Summer Sym., Volume：Proc. 9th Int., First page：115, Last page：118, 2007

Calculating nitrogen-removal efficiency with a one-dimensional nitrogen budget model of a reed-wetland soil system　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
K. Yutani; N. Tanaka
WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Volume：55, Number：1-2, First page：129, Last page：138, 2007
A simple one-dimensional model that can evaluate the transport and fate of nitrogen in wetland soil-vegetation systems was developed to calculate the nitrogen-removal efficiencies of reed-bed wetlands. A common wetland plant, Phragmites australis, was the focus of this study. Seasonal variations of temperature, seasonal changes of nitrogen uptake by vegetation, the vertical distribution of root biomasses and oxygen transport into the soil by vegetation were considered in the model. Field observations were conducted to determine some model parameters and to validate the model, although most of the parameters were adopted from data published in Europe and North America. Field observations were carried out at the Minuma-Tanbo wetland (35 degrees 52'N, 139 degrees 43'E) in Japan. The calculated concentrations of NH4-N in the soils were about 10 times larger than those of the observational results. On the other hand, calculated NO3-N concentrations were about half of the observational data. However, the calculated nitrogen-removal efficiencies indicated the same trends as previous studies. It was found that the hydraulic loading rate played a key role in relation to nitrogen removal and nitrogen transformation in reed wetland systems.
IWA PUBLISHING, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.031
DOI ID：10.2166/wst.2007.031, ISSN：0273-1223, Web of Science ID：WOS:000245786000017

Bio-shield in Coastal and Aquatic Environment, Environmentally Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Asia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N
Proceedings of International Exchange Seminar between Saitama University, Japan & Thammasat University, Thailand, 2007

Ammonium adsorption capacity of sand in constructed wetland mesocosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
T.H. Trang; Tanaka, N; Yutani, K; Sasikala S
Summer Sym., Volume：Proc. 9th Int., First page：299, Last page：302, 2007

Effects of sand dune and vegetation in the coastal area of Sri Lanka at the Indian Ocean Tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; Yasushi Sasaki; M. I.M. Mowjood
Advances in Geosciences: Volume 6: Hydrological Science (HS), Volume：6, First page：149, Last page：159, 01 Jan. 2007
This study explored the effects of coastal vegetation and sand dune on tsunami protection based on field observations carried out after the Indian Ocean tsunami on December 26, 2004. The representative vegetation was classified into six types according to their habitat and the stand structures of the trees. The impact of vegetation structure on drag forces was analyzed using the observed characteristics of the tree species. The drag coefficient, including the vertical stand structures of the trees, Cd-all, and the vegetation thickness in a unit area, dNu (d: reference diameter of trees, Nu: number of trees per unit area), varied greatly with the species classification. Based on the field survey and data analysis, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata (Rhizophora apiculata-type), kinds of mangroves, and Pandanus odoratissimus, representative tree that grows in beach sand, were found to be especially effective in providing protection from tsunami-damage due to their complex aerial root structures. The breaking moment of the trees was investigated through a pulling test for the representative trees. The threshold value for breaking moment was compared to the drag-force moment acting on the trees located at the tsunami-damaged site. The breaking moment equation represents well the limitation of the representative species with the tsunami height. It arrives at a hypothesis about which species could better withstand the effects of a tsunami wave. Sand dune and lagoon is a typical landscape in most part of the coastal zone of Sri Lanka. The combination of the sand dune followed by vegetation toward landside played an important role in retarding tsunami. Two layers of forest in the vertical direction with P. odoratissimus and Casuarina equisetifolia and a horizontal forest structure of small and large diameter trees were also important for increasing drag, trapping floating objects, broken branches, houses, and people. These information should be considered in future coastal landscape planning, rehabilitation, and tsunami hazard mapping.
World Scientific Publishing Co., English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812708915_0015
DOI ID：10.1142/9789812708915_0015, SCOPUS ID：84967495957

Harvesting aerial shoots of Zizania latifolia at different growth stages: Effects on belowground biomass, regrowth, and rhizome morphology　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Das Sharnal Chandra; Norio Tanaka
JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY, Volume：21, Number：4, First page：583, Last page：591, Dec. 2006
Zizania latifolia Turcz., wild rice, is a very productive and invasive plant, and its growth sometimes needs to be controlled. We conducted cutting experiments to elucidate the effects of cutting when it was done at different growth stages of Z latifolia. The aerial organs were cut 10 cm above the water on 15 May, 15 July, and 15 September 2004, with and without covering of the re-growing shoots. Compared with the control, cutting treatments decreased leaf production, shoot height, and shoot density. The aboveground net primary production was reduced 14% and 16% by May and September cutting, respectively, whereas the stand cut in July did not differ from the control. On the other hand, belowground biomasses at the end of the growth season were decreased 28%, 17%, and 23% by the May, July, and September cuttings, respectively. Early cutting sufficiently suppressed the belowground biomass, while cutting in September drastically reduced the number of basal buds. Our study identified two weak seasons of Z latifolia-one when substantial self-thinning of shoots occurs and the other when the plant is mature (before senescence), the time of significant growth of rhizomes.
OIKOS PUBL INC, English
ISSN：0270-5060, Web of Science ID：WOS:000242201300005

Effectiveness of Scirpus grossus in treatment of domestic wastes in a constructed wetland　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
K. B. S. N. Jinadasa; Norio Tanaka; M. I. M. Mowjood; D. R. I. B. Werellagama
JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY, Volume：21, Number：4, First page：603, Last page：612, Dec. 2006
We examined the ability of Scirpus grossus planted in a constructed wetland to treat domestic wastewater. One unit was planted with S. grossus, and another unit was used as a control. Influent wastewater and effluent from each wetland were tested monthly for 10 physical, chemical, and biological parameters from May 2004 to July 2005. Better performance was obtained by the vegetated unit than by the control unit. Mean removal efficiencies observed with S. grossus were total suspended solids, 61%; NH4+-N, 71%; NO3-N, 31%; total phosphorus 18%; fecal coliforms, 90%; and five-day biochemical oxygen demand, 69%. Plant growth was continuously monitored, and the above-ground biomass of S. grossus was harvested after eight months, 11 months, and 14 months, when plants reached their maximum shoot height and inflorescence formation started. S. grossus has great potential to remove pollutants in constructed wetlands in tropical regions, especially because above-ground harvesting would be a feasible plant management option by which nutrients could be subsequently removed.
OIKOS PUBL INC, English
ISSN：0270-5060, Web of Science ID：WOS:000242201300007

Constructed tropical wetlands with integrated submergent-emergent plants for sustainable water quality management　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio Tanaka; K. B. S. N. Jinadasa; D. R. I. B. Werellagama; M. I. M. Mowjood; W. J. Ng
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, Volume：41, Number：10, First page：2221, Last page：2236, Oct. 2006
Improvement of primary effluent quality by using an integrated system of emergent plants (Scirpus grossus in the leading subsurface flow arrangement) and submergent plants (Hydrilla verticillata in a subsequent channel) was investigated. The primary effluent was drawn from a septic tank treating domestic sewage from a student dormitory at the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Influent and effluent samples were collected once every 2 weeks from May 2004 through July 2005 and analyzed to determine water quality parameters. Both the emergent and submergent plants were harvested at predetermined intervals. The results suggested that harvesting prolonged the usefulness of the system and the generation of a renewable biomass with potential economic value. The mean overall pollutant removal efficiencies of the integrated emergent and submergent plant system were biological oxygen demand (BOD(5)), 65.7%; chemical oxygen demand (COD), 40.8%; ammonium (NH(4)(+)-N), 74.8%; nitrate (NO(3)(-)-N), 38.8%; phosphate (PO(4)(3-)), 61.2%; total suspended solids (TSS), 65.8%; and fecal coliforms, 94.8%. The submergent plant subsystem improved removal of nutrients that survived the emergent subsystem operated at low hydraulic retention times. The significant improvement in effluent quality following treatment by the submergent plant system indicates the value of incorporating such plants in wetland systems.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520600867581
DOI ID：10.1080/10934520600867581, ISSN：1093-4529, CiNii Articles ID：80018908268, PubMed ID：17018409, Web of Science ID：WOS:000240965800008

Free water surface constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment: A tropical case study　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
K. B. S. N. Jinadasa; N. Tanaka; M. I. M. Mowjood; D. R. I. B. Werellagama
CHEMISTRY AND ECOLOGY, Volume：22, Number：3, First page：181, Last page：191, Jun. 2006
The performance of three free water surface constructed wetlands in treating domestic wastewater was examined. One unit was planted with Scirpus grossus (L2), one was planted with Typha angustifolia (L3), and the unplanted third (L1) was the control. Biological oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrate (NO3-N), ammonium (NH4-N), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS) of influent and effluent were regularly measured. The average BOD5 removal efficiencies were 44%, 68%, and 54% for units L1, L2, and L3, respectively. The plant growth was continuously monitored in marked quadrats by measuring the shoot height and other growth parameters. The above-ground biomass of L2 and L3 was harvested 8 months and 11 months after the planting date when the plants reached the maximum shoot height and at the start of inflorescence formation. S. grossus was superior to T. angustifolia, with faster establishment, higher productivity, and higher removal of BOD5. However, the growth of S. grossus was possibly inhibited by continuously high NH4+ concentrations, while T. angustifolia showed tolerance of high NH4+ concentrations.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540600658849
DOI ID：10.1080/02757540600658849, ISSN：0275-7540, Web of Science ID：WOS:000240437400001

Tsunami mitigation effects by the combination of vegetation with different tree density　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Mowjood M. I. M.
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B, Volume：53, First page：281, Last page：285, 2006
スリランカ海岸林の破断モーメントを樹種, 胸高直径ごとに算定した. オオバヒルギやアダンは単位面積あたりの抗力は大きいが樹木高さの6-7割強程度で破断すること, 破断時水深が高いモクマオウは, 密度高い樹林帯の維持が重要であることがわかった. 樹木特性 (合成抵抗係数, 密度, 直径) を樹種ごとに与え数値解析を行い, 樹林帯幅と津波到達遅延時間の関係を調べた. 汀線より岸側の勾配1/100-1/1000において, アダン, モクマオウ (密) の樹林帯幅50-200mで, 到達時間はそれぞれ5-66秒, 1-22秒程度遅らせることが可能であるが, ココヤシ樹林帯は200m幅であっても3秒程度の差しか生じさせなかった.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.53.281
DOI ID：10.2208/proce1989.53.281, ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：130003991951, CiNii Books ID：AA12508551

Wind tunnel experiments on optimal wind protection fence that minimizes the spray transport to the downstream
田中規夫; 高木利光; 山崎典和; 児玉敏雄; 八木澤順治
Volume：39, First page：66, Last page：73, 2006
For decreasing the spray flux by wave-breaking at the shoreline to the landward area, the optimal wind protection fence structure was discussed. For minimizing the salt-spray flux through the fence, the structure with two low circular or L-shaped cylinders in staggered grid arrangement was selected and wind tunnel experiments were conducted with different spacing for cross-stream and stream-wise direction. The salt spray amount settling at the fence and passing through the fence were measured. The spray volume getting through or blowing up the fence was quantified by colored water with dye. The water was sprayed with a sprayer and collected by gauzes setting at downstream points. For the subsidence volume at the bottom in downstream, a tray was put and the mass of the subsiding water was measured. Considering the loss by blowing upward of the fence, the appropriate arrangement was found as `the two rows of circular cylinders with staggered, 1D cross-stream spacing and 1D-2D stream-wise length, where D is the diameter of a circular cylinder'. This amount of the subsidence is about 90% and more than the value of previous-existed fence structure, 70%.
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120001370426

Investigation on the damage by Indian Ocean Tsunami at the southern coast in SriLanka in relation to the breaking moment of the tree trunk in coastal vegetation
MOWJOOD M.I.M.; JINADASA K.B.S.N.
Volume：39, First page：58, Last page：65, 2006
This study explored the effects of coastal vegetation and sand dune on tsunami protection based on field observations carried out in two periods after the Indian Ocean tsunami. First one was conducted for elucidating the relationship between the representative species and the damage, from 1 to 6 April 2005 in Sri Lanka. The second survey was conducted for investigating the breaking condition of the representative trees, from 5 to 9 January, 2006 at Kalutra, Medilla, Rekawa and Hambantota where the combination of the sand dune followed by vegetation towards landside played an important role. The breaking moment of trees were investigated for the representative trees by pulling test. The threshold value for breaking condition was derived as a function of trunk diameter. The breaking moment equation represents well in the limitation of the representative species with the tsunami height at the tsunami event considering the aerial root height. These findings have to be considered in future coastal landscape planning and tsunami hazard mapping.
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120001370425

砂礫河原に繁茂する株状草本シナダレスズメガヤの土砂捕捉特性と洪水攪乱による除去条件　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 八木澤順治; 青木信哉
Volume：12, First page：455, Last page：460, 2006

荒川上流域および河道平面形の変化が河床変動に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
八木澤順治; 田中規夫; 竹内博輝; 玉井信行
Volume：12, First page：67, Last page：72, 2006

飛沫通過量を最小にする最適防風フェンス構造に関する風洞実験　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 高木利光; 山崎典和; 児玉敏雄; 八木澤順治
Volume：39, First page：70, Last page：77, 2006

スリランカ南部海岸線におけるインド洋大津波被害実態調査(その２) 海岸林の破壊限界モーメントに注目して　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 佐々木寧; M.I.M. Mowjood; K.B.S.N. Jinadasa; 八木澤順治
Volume：39, First page：62, Last page：69, 2006

Situations of the Indian Ocean Tsunami at Dec.2004 in Thailand, Sri Lanka and Maldives　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Sasaki, Y; Tanaka, N
Volume：34, First page：39, Last page：52, 2006

Effects and Limitations of the Coastal Vegetation in Sri Lanka and Thailand at the Indian Ocean Tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Sasaki, Y
Volume：34, First page：7, Last page：16, 2006

河道内に繁茂するヒメガマTypha angustifoliaの拡大可能性分析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
武村武; 田中規夫
Volume：50, First page：1189, Last page：1194, 2006

ツルヨシのランナーによる群落拡大が土砂の移動限界に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
八木澤順治; 田中規夫; 青木信哉
Volume：50, First page：1177, Last page：1182, 2006
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.50.1177
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.50.1177

リランカ海岸林の樹種による破壊条件と津波到達遅延時間の相違　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 武村武; 佐々木寧; M.I.M. Mowjood
海岸工学論文集, Volume：53, First page：281, Last page：285, 2006
スリランカ海岸林の破断モーメントを樹種, 胸高直径ごとに算定した. オオバヒルギやアダンは単位面積あたりの抗力は大きいが樹木高さの6-7割強程度で破断すること, 破断時水深が高いモクマオウは, 密度高い樹林帯の維持が重要であることがわかった. 樹木特性 (合成抵抗係数, 密度, 直径) を樹種ごとに与え数値解析を行い, 樹林帯幅と津波到達遅延時間の関係を調べた. 汀線より岸側の勾配1/100-1/1000において, アダン, モクマオウ (密) の樹林帯幅50-200mで, 到達時間はそれぞれ5-66秒, 1-22秒程度遅らせることが可能であるが, ココヤシ樹林帯は200m幅であっても3秒程度の差しか生じさせなかった.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.53.281
DOI ID：10.2208/proce1989.53.281, ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：130003991951, CiNii Books ID：AA12508551

飛沫通過量を最小にする最適防風フェンス構造に関する風洞実験<論文>
田中規夫; 高木利光; 山崎典和; 児玉敏雄; 八木澤順治
埼玉大学紀要, 工学部, 第1部論文集, Volume：39, First page：66, Last page：73, 2006
For decreasing the spray flux by wave-breaking at the shoreline to the landward area, the optimal wind protection fence structure was discussed. For minimizing the salt-spray flux through the fence, the structure with two low circular or L-shaped cylinders in staggered grid arrangement was selected and wind tunnel experiments were conducted with different spacing for cross-stream and stream-wise direction. The salt spray amount settling at the fence and passing through the fence were measured. The spray volume getting through or blowing up the fence was quantified by colored water with dye. The water was sprayed with a sprayer and collected by gauzes setting at downstream points. For the subsidence volume at the bottom in downstream, a tray was put and the mass of the subsiding water was measured. Considering the loss by blowing upward of the fence, the appropriate arrangement was found as `the two rows of circular cylinders with staggered, 1D cross-stream spacing and 1D-2D stream-wise length, where D is the diameter of a circular cylinder'. This amount of the subsidence is about 90% and more than the value of previous-existed fence structure, 70%.
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120001370426

スリランカ南部海岸線におけるインド洋大津波被害実態調査(その２) : 海岸林の破壊限界モーメントに注目して<論文>
田中規夫; 佐々木寧; M.I.M; MOWJOOD; K.B.S.N; JINADASA; 八木澤順治
埼玉大学紀要, 工学部, 第1部論文集, Volume：39, First page：58, Last page：65, 2006
This study explored the effects of coastal vegetation and sand dune on tsunami protection based on field observations carried out in two periods after the Indian Ocean tsunami. First one was conducted for elucidating the relationship between the representative species and the damage, from 1 to 6 April 2005 in Sri Lanka. The second survey was conducted for investigating the breaking condition of the representative trees, from 5 to 9 January, 2006 at Kalutra, Medilla, Rekawa and Hambantota where the combination of the sand dune followed by vegetation towards landside played an important role. The breaking moment of trees were investigated for the representative trees by pulling test. The threshold value for breaking condition was derived as a function of trunk diameter. The breaking moment equation represents well in the limitation of the representative species with the tsunami height at the tsunami event considering the aerial root height. These findings have to be considered in future coastal landscape planning and tsunami hazard mapping.
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120001370425

砂礫河原に繁茂する株状草本シナダレスズメガヤの土砂捕捉特性と洪水攪乱による除去条件　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 八木澤順治; 青木信哉
河川技術論文集, Volume：12, First page：455, Last page：460, 2006

荒川上流域および河道平面形の変化が河床変動に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
八木澤順治; 田中規夫; 竹内博輝; 玉井信行
河川技術論文集, Volume：12, First page：67, Last page：72, 2006

飛沫通過量を最小にする最適防風フェンス構造に関する風洞実験　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 高木利光; 山崎典和; 児玉敏雄; 八木澤順治
埼玉大学紀要工学部, Volume：39, First page：70, Last page：77, 2006

スリランカ南部海岸線におけるインド洋大津波被害実態調査(その２) 海岸林の破壊限界モーメントに注目して　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 佐々木寧; M.I.M. Mowjood; K.B.S.N. Jinadasa; 八木澤順治
埼玉大学紀要工学部, Volume：39, First page：62, Last page：69, 2006

Situations of the Indian Ocean Tsunami at Dec.2004 in Thailand, Sri Lanka and Maldives　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Sasaki, Y; Tanaka, N
Res. Pep. of Dept. of Civil & Environ. Eng., Saitama Univ., Volume：34, First page：39, Last page：52, 2006

Effects and Limitations of the Coastal Vegetation in Sri Lanka and Thailand at the Indian Ocean Tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Sasaki, Y
Res. Pep. of Dept. of Civil & Environ. Eng., Saitama Univ., Volume：34, First page：7, Last page：16, 2006

河道内に繁茂するヒメガマTypha angustifoliaの拡大可能性分析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
武村武; 田中規夫
水工学論文集, Volume：50, First page：1189, Last page：1194, 2006

ツルヨシのランナーによる群落拡大が土砂の移動限界に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
八木澤順治; 田中規夫; 青木信哉
水工学論文集, Volume：50, First page：1177, Last page：1182, 2006
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.50.1177
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.50.1177

Effects of vegetation on pollutant removal in a constructed wetland in tropic region, Sri Lanka
Mowjood M.I.M.; Werellagama D.R.I.B.
Volume：1, Number：38, First page：141, Last page：142, 2005
This paper reports the joint project between Saitama University and University of Peradeniya for investigating the performance of constructed wetland. The facilities have three units of a sub-surface flow system and three units of surface flow system for treating domestic wastewater from students' hostels at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Three emergent macrophytes, Scirpus grossus, Arundo donax and Typha angustifolia were selected and the joint experiments were started from May 2004.The analyzed water quality parameters were biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate (NO3-N), ammonium (NH4-N), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended solids (SS) and total dissolved solids (TDS). Plant growth was observed in marked quadrants inside the units and the aboveground biomass was examined by harvesting along the longitudinal direction of the unit. The study was carried out at an average hydraulic retention time of 18 hrs. Cutting experiment was conducted January 2005 for elucidating the appropriate management method. The experiments will continue and the difference of their regrowth with temperate region will be discussed in 2005.
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120001370899

東北タイメコン河流域における環境共生型都市を目的とした物質循環とリスク評価<研究成果報告>　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
佐々木寧; 小松登志子; 王青躍; 田中規夫; 湯谷賢太郎
Volume：1, Number：38, First page：134, Last page：140, 2005

Appropriate flood intensity to the wetland in old meandering river trace considering the regrowth process of emergent macrophytes
Das S.C.
Volume：1, Number：38, First page：58, Last page：65, 2005
Field experiment was conducted for elucidating the damage effect on the productivity of wetland species, Phragmites australis, and upland species, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, in a river-floodplain. River flow was analyzed by two-dimensional depth-averaged Reynolds equation to solve the moment acting on the stems. Regrowth dynamic model considering their stem-breaking was formulated and their growth was analyzed in relation to flood discharge, flood interval and their stem-breaking moment. If their stem breaking is occurred every year, survival of the two species is difficult. However, they can survive with 2-5 years' interval and the superiority of M. sacchariflorus is decreased with stem-breaking condition. However, the breaking moment of M. sacchariflorus was larger than that of P. australis and the decrement in belowground biomass was smaller under bending damage. This indicates that the weak flood does not change their competitive superiority.
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120001370748

スリランカ南部海岸線におけるインド洋大津波被害実態調査(ラグーン、海岸砂丘、樹林帯に注目して)<論文>　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 佐々木寧; M.I.M. Mowjood
Volume：1, Number：38, First page：66, Last page：73, 2005

スマトラ沖大地震における樹林の津波防御効果について（タイ南部地区）<論文>　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
佐々木寧; 田中規夫; 湯谷; 賢太郎; サマン; ホモチュエン
Volume：1, Number：38, First page：49, Last page：57, 2005

EVALUATION OF FLUID FORCE ON COLONY-MODEL BASED ON THE FUNDAMENTAL EXPERIMENT　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TAKEMURA Takeshi; TANAKA Norio
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B, Volume：49, First page：871, Last page：876, 2005
Flow structures around colony-model on a flat plate, one of the vegetation type in river, were investigated by water flume experiment. Considering the characteristics of the colony of Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia and Phragmites japonica, three parameters, distance between cylinders (L/D), aspect ratio and inclination, were decided. The two types of vortex street were visualized behind the colony-model, large eddy street and Kármán vortex street. The Strouhal number was not change with changing mean velocity. The value of drag coefficient, C_d, was changed based on L/D. When the aspect ratio was low, the C_d increased gradually with increasing L/D. But, it become almost constant value when the ratio was larger than 4. Moreover, the C_d decreased significantly with increasing the inclination of the colony-model. The C_d of the colony-modelc an be arranged by using L/D, aspect ratio and inclination of it.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.49.871
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.49.871, ISSN：0916-7374, CiNii Articles ID：130003842238

EVALUATION OF RUNNER EXPANSION LENGTH AND PRODUCTIVITY BY Phragmites japonica ON THE RIVER BAR　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
小川友浩; 田中規夫; 城野裕介
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B, Volume：49, First page：1441, Last page：1446, 2005
For elucidating the fundamental characteristics of Phragmites japonica that grow on a gravel-bed river bar in middle stream of Ara river, artificial sedimentation experiment on the plants' colony was conducted and the strength of runner was measured by push-pull gauge. Quadrates were set and runner expansion was measured seasonally. Sedimentation experiment with 0.1m thickness on May had no effect on the growth of P. japonica. The length of runner is closely related to the cumulative shoot height of parent colony of the runner. Even the newly formed colony has enough strength to stand against the high velocity. The velocity is higher than that for the initiation of the gravel movement. Then the lateral distribution and their seasonal development of the colony is very important to evaluate their effect on the flow resistance. Dynamic growth model of P. japonica formulated by using the lateral enlargement characteristics of the runner has a potential to express the seasonal variation of shoot biomass and lateral biomass distribution.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.49.1441
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.49.1441, ISSN：0916-7374, CiNii Articles ID：130003842076

A TRIAL TO CALCULATE THE NITROGEN REMOVAL EFFICIENCY WITH THE ONE DIMENSIONAL NITOGEN BUDGET MODEL ON THE REED-WETLAND SOIL SYSTEMS　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
YUTANI Kentaro; TANAKA Norio; YAMAUCHI Kota; ASAEDA Takashi
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B, Volume：49, First page：1255, Last page：1260, 2005
A simple one-dimensional model which can evaluate the fate and transport of nitrogen in wetland soil-vegetation systems was developed to calculate the nitrogen removal efficiencies of reed bed wetlands. Seasonal variations of temperature, seasonal variations of nitrogen uptake by vegetation, vertical biomass distribution in root, and oxygen transport by vegetation were considered in the model. Field observations were conducted to determine some model parameters, although almost of all parameters were adopted from published literature data in Europe and North America. The model calculation results for the concentrations of NH₄^-N and NO₃^-N in the soils were about ten and two times larger than that of observations results. However, the calculation results for nitrogen removal efficiencies indicated the same trends compared with previous studies.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.49.1255
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.49.1255, ISSN：0916-7374, CiNii Articles ID：130003842042

津波防御に対する樹林幅と樹種影響についてインド洋大津波におけるタイでの痕跡調査結果　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 佐々木寧; 湯谷賢太郎; Samang Homchuen
Volume：52, First page：1346, Last page：1350, 2005
インド洋大津波に対し沿岸植生が果たした役割を, 樹種・樹形影響に特に注目し調査を行なった.樹形を考慮した植生厚みを定義し, 太い枝で枝分かれする低木林によい適用性を確認した. 密集し, かつ複雑な気根形態を持つMangrove樹フタバナヒルギは, 5m以下の津波に対し大きな効果を発揮した. 植栽林のうち, ココヤシは樹形が単純で, 樹間が大きく効果は少ないが, 10cm以上の太い枝で枝分かれをするカシューナッツ等の低木林は5m以下の津波防御・避灘に貢献すると判断した. また, 樹種や樹齢の異なる樹木で形成される階層構造や平面構造 (林内ギャップやクリーク) の有効性を確認した.
Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.52.1346
DOI ID：10.2208/proce1989.52.1346, ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：130003991611

大型湿地植生の洪水によるダメージと回復過程を考慮した適正洪水導入規模に関する研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
Volume：16年度, 2005

Study of colony-type grass for wind-blown sand control: width and spacing considerations　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Shirono, Y; Takagi, T
First page：1884, Last page：1893, 2005

Management of below-ground biomass of Typha angustifolia by harvesting shoots above the water surface on different summer days　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Watanabe, T; Asaeda, T; Takemura, T
Volume：1, First page：113, Last page：126, 2005

Flow structures and sand deposition behind a colony-type grass on a gravel bar　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Takemura, T; Shirono, Y
First page：2094, Last page：2103, 2005

熱帯地域スリランカにおける植生浄化実験<研究成果報告>
田中規夫; 湯谷賢太郎; M.I.M; Mowjood; D.R.I.B; Werellagama
埼玉大学紀要, 工学部, 第1部論文集, Volume：1, Number：38, First page：141, Last page：142, 2005
This paper reports the joint project between Saitama University and University of Peradeniya for investigating the performance of constructed wetland. The facilities have three units of a sub-surface flow system and three units of surface flow system for treating domestic wastewater from students' hostels at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Three emergent macrophytes, Scirpus grossus, Arundo donax and Typha angustifolia were selected and the joint experiments were started from May 2004.The analyzed water quality parameters were biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate (NO3-N), ammonium (NH4-N), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended solids (SS) and total dissolved solids (TDS). Plant growth was observed in marked quadrants inside the units and the aboveground biomass was examined by harvesting along the longitudinal direction of the unit. The study was carried out at an average hydraulic retention time of 18 hrs. Cutting experiment was conducted January 2005 for elucidating the appropriate management method. The experiments will continue and the difference of their regrowth with temperate region will be discussed in 2005.
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120001370899

東北タイメコン河流域における環境共生型都市を目的とした物質循環とリスク評価<研究成果報告>
佐々木寧; 小松登志子; 王青躍; 田中規夫; 湯谷賢太郎
埼玉大学紀要, 工学部, 第1部論文集, Volume：1, Number：38, First page：134, Last page：140, 2005
The purpose of this research is to investigate the transport and risk assessment of Environmental Impact Chemicals (EICs) in the Mekong (Mae Nam Khong) basin of northeast Thailand. The two collaborating partners in Thailand are Ubon Ratchathani University and Khon Kaen University. Scientists of Saitama University visited these two universities and their research facilities. As the first step of the project, water quality parameters of 13 stations in Mekong and Moon River (branch of Mekong River) were measured. Hydraulic data of the basin were obtained from Water Resource Office of Hydrology (Khong Chiam Office and Ubon Ratchathani Office). Three wastewater treatment plants were visited and some water quality data of influent and effluent were collected. A meeting with professors and administrators (including Dean of faculty of Science) from both the universities in Thailand and Saitama University was held to discuss the research plans and further research collaborations. Following the discussion, some heavy metals and pesticides were selected as the specified EICs to be investigated in the project.
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120001370564

大型湿地植生の洪水によるダメージと回復過程を考慮した適正洪水導入規模に関する研究<論文>
田中規夫; Das S.C; 武村武; 八木澤順治
埼玉大学紀要, 工学部, 第1部論文集, Volume：1, Number：38, First page：58, Last page：65, 2005
Field experiment was conducted for elucidating the damage effect on the productivity of wetland species, Phragmites australis, and upland species, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, in a river-floodplain. River flow was analyzed by two-dimensional depth-averaged Reynolds equation to solve the moment acting on the stems. Regrowth dynamic model considering their stem-breaking was formulated and their growth was analyzed in relation to flood discharge, flood interval and their stem-breaking moment. If their stem breaking is occurred every year, survival of the two species is difficult. However, they can survive with 2-5 years' interval and the superiority of M. sacchariflorus is decreased with stem-breaking condition. However, the breaking moment of M. sacchariflorus was larger than that of P. australis and the decrement in belowground biomass was smaller under bending damage. This indicates that the weak flood does not change their competitive superiority.
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120001370748

スリランカ南部海岸線におけるインド洋大津波被害実態調査(ラグーン、海岸砂丘、樹林帯に注目して)<論文>
田中規夫; 佐々木寧; M.I.M. Mowjood
埼玉大学紀要, 工学部, 第1部論文集, Volume：1, Number：38, First page：66, Last page：73, 2005
For elucidating the effect of seaside forest on Tsunami protection, this study investigated the damage at the southern coast in Sri Lanka by Indian Ocean Tsunami occurred at Dec.26.2004. The investigated area covered about 250 km at the coast line. The representative vegetation was classified into five according to the stand structure of the tree and their stem diameter (d), tree height, branch structure, density of the trees and the forest-width to the Tsunami-direction were investigated. From the survey, mangrove, especially Rhizophora apiculata forest, and Pandanus odoratissimum was effective to protect Tsunami damage with its complex root structure. Two layer's forest in vertical direction with Pandanus odoratissimum and Casuarina equisetifolia were assumed effective to decrease the damage behind the forest Mixed forest structure with small and large diameter trees in plan view was also assumed important because the densely populated small diameter trees (d > 0.1) can reduce the velocity of the tsunami current and large diameter trees (d >0.3) can trap the broken branches, houses, etc. The survey indicates the importance of the horizontal and vertical forest structures.
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120001370628

スマトラ沖大地震における樹林の津波防御効果について（タイ南部地区）<論文>
佐々木寧; 田中規夫; 湯谷; 賢太郎; サマン; ホモチュエン
埼玉大学紀要, 工学部, 第1部論文集, Volume：1, Number：38, First page：49, Last page：57, 2005
This study reports the damage at the coastal area in south Thailand by Indian Ocean Tsunami occurred at Dec.26.2004. The investigated area covered about 250 km at Andaman seaside from Phuket to Ranong. For elucidating the effect of vegetation on tsunami protection, the representative vegetation was classified according to the stand structure of the tree. The representative trees were classified into five and their stem diameter (d), tree height, branch structure, density of the trees and the forest-width to the Tsunami-direction were investigated. From the survey, mangrove, especially Rhizophora apiculata forest, was effective to protect Tsunami damage with its complex root structure. Anacardium occidentale was also effective with its large diameter branches at low height from the ground level. On contrary, Casuarina equisetifolia has assumed little effect to reduce the velocity when their diameter grow large (d>0.5m) with large stem-spacing (7-30m).
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120001370612

株状粗度モデルに作用する流体力の評価に関する基礎実験　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
武村武; 田中規夫
水工学論文集, Volume：49, First page：871, Last page：876, 2005
Flow structures around colony-model on a flat plate, one of the vegetation type in river, were investigated by water flume experiment. Considering the characteristics of the colony of Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia and Phragmites japonica, three parameters, distance between cylinders (L/D), aspect ratio and inclination, were decided. The two types of vortex street were visualized behind the colony-model, large eddy street and Kármán vortex street. The Strouhal number was not change with changing mean velocity. The value of drag coefficient, C_d, was changed based on L/D. When the aspect ratio was low, the C_d increased gradually with increasing L/D. But, it become almost constant value when the ratio was larger than 4. Moreover, the C_d decreased significantly with increasing the inclination of the colony-model. The C_d of the colony-modelc an be arranged by using L/D, aspect ratio and inclination of it.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.49.871
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.49.871, ISSN：0916-7374, CiNii Articles ID：130003842238

河川中州上に繁茂するツルヨシのランナーによる拡大長と生産量の評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
小川友浩; 田中規夫; 城野裕介
水工学論文集, Volume：49, First page：1441, Last page：1446, 2005
For elucidating the fundamental characteristics of Phragmites japonica that grow on a gravel-bed river bar in middle stream of Ara river, artificial sedimentation experiment on the plants' colony was conducted and the strength of runner was measured by push-pull gauge. Quadrates were set and runner expansion was measured seasonally. Sedimentation experiment with 0.1m thickness on May had no effect on the growth of P. japonica. The length of runner is closely related to the cumulative shoot height of parent colony of the runner. Even the newly formed colony has enough strength to stand against the high velocity. The velocity is higher than that for the initiation of the gravel movement. Then the lateral distribution and their seasonal development of the colony is very important to evaluate their effect on the flow resistance. Dynamic growth model of P. japonica formulated by using the lateral enlargement characteristics of the runner has a potential to express the seasonal variation of shoot biomass and lateral biomass distribution.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.49.1441
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.49.1441, ISSN：0916-7374, CiNii Articles ID：130003842076

一次元ヨシ-湿地土壌系窒素循環モデルによる湿地の窒素除去能力予測の試み　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
湯谷賢太郎; 田中規夫; 山内孝太; 浅枝隆
水工学論文集, Volume：49, First page：1255, Last page：1260, 2005
A simple one-dimensional model which can evaluate the fate and transport of nitrogen in wetland soil-vegetation systems was developed to calculate the nitrogen removal efficiencies of reed bed wetlands. Seasonal variations of temperature, seasonal variations of nitrogen uptake by vegetation, vertical biomass distribution in root, and oxygen transport by vegetation were considered in the model. Field observations were conducted to determine some model parameters, although almost of all parameters were adopted from published literature data in Europe and North America. The model calculation results for the concentrations of NH₄^-N and NO₃^-N in the soils were about ten and two times larger than that of observations results. However, the calculation results for nitrogen removal efficiencies indicated the same trends compared with previous studies.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.49.1255
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.49.1255, ISSN：0916-7374, CiNii Articles ID：130003842042

津波防御に対する樹林幅と樹種影響についてインド洋大津波におけるタイでの痕跡調査結果　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫; 佐々木寧; 湯谷賢太郎; Samang Homchuen
海岸工学論文集, Volume：52, First page：1346, Last page：1350, 2005
インド洋大津波に対し沿岸植生が果たした役割を, 樹種・樹形影響に特に注目し調査を行なった.樹形を考慮した植生厚みを定義し, 太い枝で枝分かれする低木林によい適用性を確認した. 密集し, かつ複雑な気根形態を持つMangrove樹フタバナヒルギは, 5m以下の津波に対し大きな効果を発揮した. 植栽林のうち, ココヤシは樹形が単純で, 樹間が大きく効果は少ないが, 10cm以上の太い枝で枝分かれをするカシューナッツ等の低木林は5m以下の津波防御・避灘に貢献すると判断した. また, 樹種や樹齢の異なる樹木で形成される階層構造や平面構造 (林内ギャップやクリーク) の有効性を確認した.
Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.52.1346
DOI ID：10.2208/proce1989.52.1346, ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：130003991611

大型湿地植生の洪水によるダメージと回復過程を考慮した適正洪水導入規模に関する研究
田中規夫
総合研究機構研究プロジェクト研究成果報告書, Volume：16年度, First page：58, Last page：65, 2005
Field experiment was conducted for elucidating the damage effect on the productivity of wetland species, Phragmites australis, and upland species, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, in a river-floodplain. River flow was analyzed by two-dimensional depth-averaged Reynolds equation to solve the moment acting on the stems. Regrowth dynamic model considering their stem-breaking was formulated and their growth was analyzed in relation to flood discharge, flood interval and their stem-breaking moment. If their stem breaking is occurred every year, survival of the two species is difficult. However, they can survive with 2-5 years' interval and the superiority of M. sacchariflorus is decreased with stem-breaking condition. However, the breaking moment of M. sacchariflorus was larger than that of P. australis and the decrement in belowground biomass was smaller under bending damage. This indicates that the weak flood does not change their competitive superiority.
Japanese
ISSN：1880-4446, CiNii Articles ID：120001370748

Study of colony-type grass for wind-blown sand control: width and spacing considerations　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Shirono, Y; Takagi, T
Proc. XXXI IAHR Congress, First page：1884, Last page：1893, 2005

Management of below-ground biomass of Typha angustifolia by harvesting shoots above the water surface on different summer days　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Watanabe, T; Asaeda, T; Takemura, T
Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Volume：1, First page：113, Last page：126, 2005

Flow structures and sand deposition behind a colony-type grass on a gravel bar　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tanaka, N; Takemura, T; Shirono, Y
Proc.XXXI IAHR Congress, First page：2094, Last page：2103, 2005

Modelling of the long-term competition between Typha angustifolia and Typha latifolia in shallow water - effects of eutrophication, latitude and initial advantage of belowground organs　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
N Tanaka; T Asaeda; A Hasegawa; K Tanimoto
AQUATIC BOTANY, Volume：79, Number：4, First page：295, Last page：310, Aug. 2004
A dynamic growth model was developed for Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia that took account of their vertical productive structures, life cycle, shoot height, leaf area and aboveground biomass. The model successfully simulated the seasonal variation of the aboveground and belowground biomass for two monospecific stands at 43degreesN and 47degreesN and the total biomass for one competitive stand at 42degreesN in the USA. Introducing the parameter of nutrient availability for photosynthesis markedly enhanced the agreement of the simulated results with the observation, implying that nutritional limitations of growth influenced the observed results. The long-term competitive analyses show that the competition between T latifolia and T angustifolia at 42degreesN and 56degreesN depends on the ratio of net production between these two species, and the initial biomass of T latifolia. T angustifolia, with its taller shoot height, is capable of dominating T latifolia under a sufficiently small inferiority of T angustifolia in net production rate related to the initial biomass of T latifolia. Therefore, in the higher radiation of lower latitudes, even a 30% nutrient constraint enables the dominance of the invading T angustifolia over the initial advantage of T latifolia with 500 g m(-2), while in the lower radiation of higher latitudes, a less than 10% nutrient constraint is required. The analyses provide a quantitative background for the observed competition between these two species. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.03.001
DOI ID：10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.03.001, ISSN：0304-3770, Web of Science ID：WOS:000223121900002

THE INFLUENCE OF CUTTING WITH DIFFERENT SEASON ON BELOWGROUND DYNAMICS OF Typha angustifolia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TAKEMURA Takeshi; TANAKA Norio; ASAEDA Takashi
Number：754, First page：91, Last page：100, 21 Feb. 2004
Japanese
ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10012500678, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

透過傾斜型株模型周辺における風場と飛砂発生特性に関する風洞実験　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
Volume：51, First page：556, Last page：560, 2004
海浜安定化に寄与するコウボウムギ群落周辺の飛砂の特性を明らかにするため, コウボウムギ群落をモデル化した透過型傾斜粗度模型を用いて風洞実験を行い, 群落周辺の風場と砂面変化を測定した.コウボウムギ群落周辺の飛砂現象には群落形状の傾きによってもたらされる透過風速と側方風速の変化が大きくかかわっており, 風速分布, 砂の堆積位置から群落形状の傾斜角度が45°の場合に実際のコウボウムギに最も似た傾向にあることを示した.また, まばらな粗度空間で近接した2群落周辺においては, 一様に広がる場合と同じコロニー間隔でも飛砂発生量は多くなる場合があり, その量は群落形状の傾斜角度によって大きく変化することが判明した.
Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.51.556
DOI ID：10.2208/proce1989.51.556, ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：130003807821

APPROPRIATE FLOOD INTERVAL TO THE WETLAND IN OLD MEANDERING RIVER TRACE FOR NATURAL REHABILITATION　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; KITAKAMI Yuki; OGAWA Tomohiro; ASAEDA Takashi
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu G, Volume：32, First page：197, Last page：203, 2004
Competition between wetland species, Phragmites australis, and upland species, Misranthus sacchanflorus, in a river-wetland rehabilitation site was analyzed in relation to flood discharge, flood interval and their stem-breaking moment. River flow was analyzed by two-dimensional depth-averaged Reynolds equation to solve the moment acting on the stems. Regrowth dynamic model considering their stem-breaking, one of the damage types of the two species, was formulated. The decrease in biomass by flood discharge and interval were analyzed for monospecific stands and competitive stand. If their stem breaking is occurred every year, survival of the two species is difficult. However, if the interval is 2-5 years, they can survive but superiority of M. sacchariflorus is decreased. The analysis indicates that stem-breaking of both two species by flood every 2-5 years can delay the transition from wetland to upland species.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proer.32.197
DOI ID：10.2208/proer.32.197, ISSN：1345-9597, CiNii Articles ID：80016989481

Evaluation of sand-deposition volume behind Carex kobomugi Ohwi by analyzing re-growth characteristics of the shoot after typhoon event　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
SHIRONO Yusuke; TANAKA Norio; WATANABE Hajime; TAKAGI Toshimitsu
Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, Volume：30, Number：1, First page：74, Last page：79, 2004
Shoot-regrowth and belowground dynamics of Carex kobomugi Ohwi after sand accumulation by typhoon events were observed at Ryuyo beach in Shizuoka Prefecture. Dynamic growth model of C.kobomugi considering the re-growth characteristics was formulated. Sand deposition volume by the re-growth shoot was evaluated in relation to the thickness of sand accumulation by the model and by the relation between shoot biomass and deposited sand volume behind the colony. The deposition volume by the re-growth shoot after O.3 m-thickness sand accumulation was observed about 10% of that in no disturbance case. The model agrees well with the observation result. The volume decreases with increasing accumulation thickness and is evaluated only 2 % of no disturbance case by the model when the thickness is 1.0 m.
The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.7211/jjsrt.30.74
DOI ID：10.7211/jjsrt.30.74, ISSN：0916-7439, CiNii Articles ID：110002912270, CiNii Books ID：AN10130633

自然再生地における洪水導入規模が既存湿地植生に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
Volume：10, First page：315, Last page：320, 2004

EFFECT OF CUTTING Miscanthus sacchariflorus IN THEIR GROWING SEASON ON THE NEXT-SEASON'S COMPETITION WITH Solidago altissima　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; YUTANI Kentaro; KITAKAMI Yuki; ASAEDA Takashi
Number：761, First page：95, Last page：100, 2004
Japanese
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2004.761_95, ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10012364885, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

透過傾斜型株模型周辺における風場と飛砂発生特性に関する風洞実験　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
海岸工学論文集, Volume：51, First page：556, Last page：560, 2004
海浜安定化に寄与するコウボウムギ群落周辺の飛砂の特性を明らかにするため, コウボウムギ群落をモデル化した透過型傾斜粗度模型を用いて風洞実験を行い, 群落周辺の風場と砂面変化を測定した.コウボウムギ群落周辺の飛砂現象には群落形状の傾きによってもたらされる透過風速と側方風速の変化が大きくかかわっており, 風速分布, 砂の堆積位置から群落形状の傾斜角度が45°の場合に実際のコウボウムギに最も似た傾向にあることを示した.また, まばらな粗度空間で近接した2群落周辺においては, 一様に広がる場合と同じコロニー間隔でも飛砂発生量は多くなる場合があり, その量は群落形状の傾斜角度によって大きく変化することが判明した.
Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.51.556
DOI ID：10.2208/proce1989.51.556, ISSN：0916-7897, CiNii Articles ID：130003807821

旧流路湿地における自然再生を目的とした適正洪水導入間隔の検討　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
環境システム研究論文集, Volume：32, First page：197, Last page：203, 2004
Competition between wetland species, Phragmites australis, and upland species, Misranthus sacchanflorus, in a river-wetland rehabilitation site was analyzed in relation to flood discharge, flood interval and their stem-breaking moment. River flow was analyzed by two-dimensional depth-averaged Reynolds equation to solve the moment acting on the stems. Regrowth dynamic model considering their stem-breaking, one of the damage types of the two species, was formulated. The decrease in biomass by flood discharge and interval were analyzed for monospecific stands and competitive stand. If their stem breaking is occurred every year, survival of the two species is difficult. However, if the interval is 2-5 years, they can survive but superiority of M. sacchariflorus is decreased. The analysis indicates that stem-breaking of both two species by flood every 2-5 years can delay the transition from wetland to upland species.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/proer.32.197
DOI ID：10.2208/proer.32.197, ISSN：1345-9597, CiNii Articles ID：80016989481

台風攪乱後の再成長特性を考慮した海浜植物コウボウムギの堆砂量評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
城野裕介; 田中規夫; 渡辺肇; 高木利光
日本緑化工学会誌, Volume：30, Number：1, First page：74, Last page：79, 2004
Shoot-regrowth and belowground dynamics of Carex kobomugi Ohwi after sand accumulation by typhoon events were observed at Ryuyo beach in Shizuoka Prefecture. Dynamic growth model of C.kobomugi considering the re-growth characteristics was formulated. Sand deposition volume by the re-growth shoot was evaluated in relation to the thickness of sand accumulation by the model and by the relation between shoot biomass and deposited sand volume behind the colony. The deposition volume by the re-growth shoot after O.3 m-thickness sand accumulation was observed about 10% of that in no disturbance case. The model agrees well with the observation result. The volume decreases with increasing accumulation thickness and is evaluated only 2 % of no disturbance case by the model when the thickness is 1.0 m.
The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.7211/jjsrt.30.74
DOI ID：10.7211/jjsrt.30.74, ISSN：0916-7439, CiNii Articles ID：110002912270, CiNii Books ID：AN10130633

自然再生地における洪水導入規模が既存湿地植生に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
河川技術論文集, Volume：10, First page：315, Last page：320, 2004

生長期における刈り取りがオギの翌年の生長ならびにセイタカアワダチソウとの競合関係に与える影響について　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
土木学会論文集, Number：761, First page：95, Last page：100, 2004
Japanese
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2004.761_95, ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10012364885, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

汽水域に生育するオオクグ(Carex rugulosa Kuekenth)の保全に対する生長解析の適用　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
武村武; 田中規夫; 浅枝隆; 国井秀伸; 今田直人; 古里栄一
Volume：47, 2003
ISSN：0916-7374, J-Global ID：200902212505988824

THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL NUTRIENT CONDITIONS ON THE SUPERIORITY OF COMPETITION BETWEEN Typha angustifolia AND Typha latifolia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; HASEGAWA Atsushi; ASAEDA Takashi; WATANABE Tetsuhiro; KISHIDA Akiyoshi
Volume：719, First page：93, Last page：103, 21 Nov. 2002
Japanese
ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10010350026, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

EVALUATION OF MATERIALS BUDGET BY AN APPLICATION OF GROWTH AND DECOMPOSITION MODEL OF Phragmites australis　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
NAM Le Hung; ASAEDA Takashi; TANAKA Norio; YUTANI Kentaro; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi
Volume：713, First page：9, Last page：20, 22 Aug. 2002
Japanese
ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10009446712, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

Seasonal fluctuations in live and dead biomass of Phragmites australis as described by a growth and decomposition model: implications of duration of aerobic conditions for litter mineralization and sedimentation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
T Asaeda; LH Nam; P Hietz; N Tanaka; S Karunaratne
AQUATIC BOTANY, Volume：73, Number：3, First page：223, Last page：239, Jul. 2002
We developed a model of Phragmites australis growth and decomposition to evaluate the material budget and nutrient cycles of a reed stand in Neusiedlersee, Austria. The model describes the growth of each organ of R australis, the collapse of standing dead shoots, the decomposition of leaves and stalks, and nutrient uptake and release during these processes. The model was calibrated using growth and decomposition data from the literature, and subsequently applied to predict the effects of R australis stands on a marsh ecosystem. From the start of its decomposition in water, the litter was assumed to stay in the aerobic water layer for 6, 12 or 24 months before entering the anaerobic sediment layer. Because decomposition increases with increasing oxygen and temperature, the aerobic decomposition rate (before the litter was transferred to the anaerobic substrate) increased markedly, especially from spring to autumn. The model predicted that between 33 (6 months aerated) and 48% (24 months aerated) of the annual aboveground production would decompose within I year, while the rest would remain in the anaerobic substrate. Rates of nitrogen and phosphorus release were 1.4 times higher between late spring and the end of summer than during autumn and winter. A higher proportion of phosphorus than nitrogen was expected to remain trapped in the anaerobic layer. The uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus during the growing season exceeded release during decomposition 4-6 and 5-7-fold, respectively. The model is useful for quantifying the nutrient cycles of reed-dominant marshes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(02)00027-X
DOI ID：10.1016/S0304-3770(02)00027-X, ISSN：0304-3770, Web of Science ID：WOS:000177124800004

The influence of soil conditions on the growth dynamics of landward Phragmites australis.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; ASAEDA Takashi; KARUNARATNE Shiromi; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, Volume：2002, Number：698, First page：57, Last page：68, 2002
A dynamic model associated with shoot density variation along water depth gradient including landward site has been developed to illustrate the growth dynamics of Phragmites australis. The environmental factors affecting the strength of tillering of vertical rhizome has been considered. The validity was confirmed by the below ground and above-ground biomass ratio and shoot height. The tendency that the growth potential of landward reed is changed dynamically by the water defficiency or nutrient condition was well represented by vertical rhizome length and land height. The growth potential curve is shifted to landward or waterward, when water depth become deeper or shallower than the water depth when the rhizome was formed, respectively. The importance of landward reed is depicted as a bufferzone of water-level fluctuation. The difference between potential biomass and observed data indicates nutrient or healthy conditions and the thickness of organic layer is closely related the difference.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2002.698_57
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2002.698_57, ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：130003801894

初期生長期の特性に基づくガマ・ヒメガマの生長解析, 長谷川，田中，浅枝，谷本　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Volume：46, First page：1109, Last page：1114, 2002
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.46.1109
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.46.1109

刈り取りによる栄養塩除去量と再生長による地下茎回復量の関連について, 武村，田中，浅枝，谷本　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Volume：46, First page：1115, Last page：1120, 2002
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.46.1115
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.46.1115

Rhizome expansion mechanism of Typha angustifolia in river.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; TAKEMURA Takeshi; ASAEDA Takashi; HASEGAWA Atsushi; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, Volume：698, Number：Ⅱ-58, First page：81, Last page：91, 2002
Growth models of Typha angustifolia and Typha latifolia were developed by using energy budgets among their each organ. These models were validated by above-ground to below-ground biomass ratio, composition ratio, growth characteristics to water depth, and seasonal variation of above-ground and below-ground biomass in the center of colony. Seasonal change of each organ of Typha angustifolia observed in their senescent season was indicated that fertile and sterile shoots have their each strategy to form their seeds or clone, new rhizome, respectively. The rhizome expansion of Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia in river is found to change much by the shape of transverse section and by the surrounding external force of their site.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2002.698_81
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2002.698_81, CiNii Articles ID：130003801896

土壌条件が陸側のヨシPhragmites australisの生長に与える影響について,田中、浅枝、Karunaratne、谷本　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio TANAKA; Takashi ASAEDA; Shiromi KARUNARATNE; Katsutoshi TANIMOTO
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, Volume：2002, Number：698, First page：57, Last page：68, 2002
A dynamic model associated with shoot density variation along water depth gradient including landward site has been developed to illustrate the growth dynamics of Phragmites australis. The environmental factors affecting the strength of tillering of vertical rhizome has been considered. The validity was confirmed by the below ground and above-ground biomass ratio and shoot height. The tendency that the growth potential of landward reed is changed dynamically by the water defficiency or nutrient condition was well represented by vertical rhizome length and land height. The growth potential curve is shifted to landward or waterward, when water depth become deeper or shallower than the water depth when the rhizome was formed, respectively. The importance of landward reed is depicted as a bufferzone of water-level fluctuation. The difference between potential biomass and observed data indicates nutrient or healthy conditions and the thickness of organic layer is closely related the difference.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2002.698_57
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2002.698_57, ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：130003801894

初期生長期の特性に基づくガマ・ヒメガマの生長解析, 長谷川，田中，浅枝，谷本　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
長谷川敦
Volume：46, First page：1109, Last page：1114, 2002
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.46.1109
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.46.1109, CiNii Articles ID：10010350045

刈り取りによる栄養塩除去量と再生長による地下茎回復量の関連について, 武村，田中，浅枝，谷本　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Volume：46, First page：1115, Last page：1120, 2002
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.46.1115
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.46.1115

河川空間におけるヒメガマTypha angustifoliaの地下茎拡大機構,田中、武村、浅枝、長谷川、谷本　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; TAKEMURA Takeshi; ASAEDA Takashi; HASEGAWA Atsushi; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, Volume：698, Number：Ⅱ-58, First page：81, Last page：91, 2002
Growth models of Typha angustifolia and Typha latifolia were developed by using energy budgets among their each organ. These models were validated by above-ground to below-ground biomass ratio, composition ratio, growth characteristics to water depth, and seasonal variation of above-ground and below-ground biomass in the center of colony. Seasonal change of each organ of Typha angustifolia observed in their senescent season was indicated that fertile and sterile shoots have their each strategy to form their seeds or clone, new rhizome, respectively. The rhizome expansion of Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia in river is found to change much by the shape of transverse section and by the surrounding external force of their site.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2002.698_81
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2002.698_81, CiNii Articles ID：130003801896

抽水植物の鉛直生産構造の相違を考慮した生長解析, 田中、浅枝、谷本、長谷川　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Volume：45, First page：1093, Last page：1098, 2001
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.45.1093
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.45.1093

FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF Pseudorasbora parva IN ARTIFICIAL VEGETATION　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
PRIYADARSHANA Tilak; ASAEDA Takashi; MANATUNGE Jagath; TANAKA Norio; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, Volume：670, Number：Ⅱ-54, First page：73, Last page：82, 2001
As macrophytes have considerable structrual variation for prey communities by hindering predator foraging and affect the predator behavior, the swimming and feeding behavior of planktivore (Pseudorasbora parva) with their prey (Daphnia pulex) were studied in laboratory experiments with varying densities (350, 700, 1400, 2100 and 2800 stems·m^-2) of artificial submerged vegetation and with different prey densities (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 25 prey·1^-1). The swimming speed of the fist was found to be negatively related to the prey density; and a significant change in swimming speed was noted as being directly related to the level of satiation The maximum feeding rates was found to depend upon and snow a marked variation with average prey distance. As the stem density gradually increases, the predator's foraging efficiency decreases considerably relative to feeding in open water. Moreover, a good relation in the feeding rate and swimming speed exists with the average stem distance to fish body length ratio (D). Abrupt reduction in feeding and swimming was recorded when D was near 0.7, which is approximately equal to one stride length of a fish.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2001.670_73
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2001.670_73, ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10006537632, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

PERIPHYTON POPULATION DYNAMICS CONSIDERING SPECIES COMPETITION　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
DUONG Hong Son; ASAEDA Takashi; TANAKA Norio; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi
Volume：677, Number：Ⅱ-55, First page：151, Last page：161, 2001
Japanese
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2001.677_151, ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10006539570, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

Evaluation of the Quantity of Nutrients Removal Based on the Growth Analysis of Phragmites australis　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; ASAEDA Takashi; KARUNARATNE Shiromi; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi
Damu Kogaku, Volume：11, Number：1, First page：26, Last page：39, 2001
In order to quantify the water quality improvement method by direct removal of the biomass of Phragmites australis which accumulates nutrient salts, the biomass of Phragmites australis under various temperature curve and daily global radiant flux were analyzed and the nutrient content were calculated. The variation of the biomass was related to the total accumulated temperature of early growing season by stored material of rhizomes and of photosynthetically growing season, and the ratio of the respective accumulated temperature. Analysis of annual flux showed that the respiration of aboveground and belowground plant organs was an unavoidable component and changed the energy budget of utilizing photosysthesized materials, caused the variaiton of the biomass. The removable quantity of nutrients of aboveground biomass was changed drastically with respect to the harvest day
Japan Society of Dam Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.11315/jsde1991.11.26
DOI ID：10.11315/jsde1991.11.26, ISSN：0917-3145, CiNii Articles ID：130004370251

EFFECT OF WATER DEPTH ON THE GROWTH DYNAMICS OF Phragmites australis　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; ASAEDA Takashi; KARUNARATNE Shiromi; TANIMOTO Katsuotshi
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, Volume：677, Number：677, First page：141, Last page：150, 2001
A dynamic model associated with water depth has been developed to simulate the growth dynamics of Phragmites australis. The biomass of shoots and rhizomes are analyzed with respect to various water depth. Phragmites australis have to grow over the critical height beyond the water depth while early season growing by stored material of rhizomes. There exists a severely influenced zone that aboveground and underground biomasses are sharply decreased as the water depth increases over the critical height. The severely influenced zone is varied with respect to initial rhizomes biomass. The density ratio per one shoot is decreased as the water depth increases, and the strength is also decreased. Morphological change of rhizomes contributes so as not to decrease the biomass under the critical height
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2001.677_141
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2001.677_141, ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10006539541, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

抽水植物の鉛直生産構造の相違を考慮した生長解析, 田中、浅枝、谷本、長谷川　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
Volume：45, First page：1093, Last page：1098, 2001
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.45.1093
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.45.1093, CiNii Articles ID：80012435962

人工植生中におけるモツゴの捕食行動特性分析,Priyadarshana、浅枝、Manatunge、田中、谷本　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
PRIYADARSHANA Tilak; ASAEDA Takashi; MANATUNGE Jagath; TANAKA Norio; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, Volume：670, Number：Ⅱ-54, First page：73, Last page：82, 2001
As macrophytes have considerable structrual variation for prey communities by hindering predator foraging and affect the predator behavior, the swimming and feeding behavior of planktivore (Pseudorasbora parva) with their prey (Daphnia pulex) were studied in laboratory experiments with varying densities (350, 700, 1400, 2100 and 2800 stems·m^-2) of artificial submerged vegetation and with different prey densities (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 25 prey·1^-1). The swimming speed of the fist was found to be negatively related to the prey density; and a significant change in swimming speed was noted as being directly related to the level of satiation The maximum feeding rates was found to depend upon and snow a marked variation with average prey distance. As the stem density gradually increases, the predator's foraging efficiency decreases considerably relative to feeding in open water. Moreover, a good relation in the feeding rate and swimming speed exists with the average stem distance to fish body length ratio (D). Abrupt reduction in feeding and swimming was recorded when D was near 0.7, which is approximately equal to one stride length of a fish.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2001.670_73
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2001.670_73, ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10006537632, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

種間の競争を考慮した付着藻類群集の変動解析,Duong、浅枝、田中、谷本　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
DUONG Hong Son; ASAEDA Takashi; TANAKA Norio; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi
Volume：677, Number：Ⅱ-55, First page：151, Last page：161, 2001
Japanese
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2001.677_151, ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10006539570, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

ヨシの生長解析に基づく栄養塩除去量の評価，田中，浅枝，Karunaratne, 谷本　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; ASAEDA Takashi; KARUNARATNE Shiromi; TANIMOTO Katsutoshi
Damu Kogaku, Volume：11, Number：1, First page：26, Last page：39, 2001
In order to quantify the water quality improvement method by direct removal of the biomass of Phragmites australis which accumulates nutrient salts, the biomass of Phragmites australis under various temperature curve and daily global radiant flux were analyzed and the nutrient content were calculated. The variation of the biomass was related to the total accumulated temperature of early growing season by stored material of rhizomes and of photosynthetically growing season, and the ratio of the respective accumulated temperature. Analysis of annual flux showed that the respiration of aboveground and belowground plant organs was an unavoidable component and changed the energy budget of utilizing photosysthesized materials, caused the variaiton of the biomass. The removable quantity of nutrients of aboveground biomass was changed drastically with respect to the harvest day
Japan Society of Dam Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.11315/jsde1991.11.26
DOI ID：10.11315/jsde1991.11.26, ISSN：0917-3145, CiNii Articles ID：130004370251

アシPhragmites australis の生長に対する湛水深の影響解析，田中，浅枝，Karunaratne,谷本　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio TANAKA; Takashi ASAEDA; Katsutoshi TANIMOTO; Shiromi KARUNARATNE
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, Volume：677, Number：677, First page：141, Last page：150, 2001
A dynamic model associated with water depth has been developed to simulate the growth dynamics of Phragmites australis. The biomass of shoots and rhizomes are analyzed with respect to various water depth. Phragmites australis have to grow over the critical height beyond the water depth while early season growing by stored material of rhizomes. There exists a severely influenced zone that aboveground and underground biomasses are sharply decreased as the water depth increases over the critical height. The severely influenced zone is varied with respect to initial rhizomes biomass. The density ratio per one shoot is decreased as the water depth increases, and the strength is also decreased. Morphological change of rhizomes contributes so as not to decrease the biomass under the critical height
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2001.677_141
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2001.677_141, ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10006539541, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

GROWTH DYNAMICS OF Phragmites australis COSIDERING THE VARIATION OF AIR TEMPERATURE AND RADIANT FLUX　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; ASAEDA Takashi; KARUNARATNE Shiromi
Volume：663, Number：663, First page：119, Last page：129, 2000
Japanese
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2000.663_119, ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10004967126, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

日射量・気温変化によるアシPhragmites australis の生長予測解析，田中，浅枝，Karunaratne　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; ASAEDA Takashi; KARUNARATNE Shiromi
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, Volume：663, Number：663, First page：119, Last page：129, 2000
Japanese
DOI ID：10.2208/jscej.2000.663_119, ISSN：0289-7806, CiNii Articles ID：10004967126, CiNii Books ID：AN10014020

Influences of Subgrid Heterogeneity of Land Use and Grid Size on Water and Heat Budgets in the Shutoken Area, Jia,Y., Tamai,N. & Tanaka,N.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Volume：43, First page：115, Last page：120, 1999

Influences of Subgrid Heterogeneity of Land Use and Grid Size on Water and Heat Budgets in the Shutoken Area, Jia,Y., Tamai,N. & Tanaka,N.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Volume：43, First page：115, Last page：120, 1999

物体周りの組織渦を利用した浮遊砂の促進について, 田中，金子　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Volume：35, First page：365, Last page：370, 1991
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.35.365
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.35.365

底面上の3次元ならびに2次元物体後方の組織的渦構造の変動特性，田中　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中規夫
Volume：10, Number：2, First page：93, Last page：105, 1991
DOI：https://doi.org/10.11426/nagare1982.10.93
DOI ID：10.11426/nagare1982.10.93, ISSN：0286-3154, CiNii Articles ID：80005990044

Promotion of Sediment Suspension Utilizing Coherent Eddies around an Obstacle in front of a Weir, Tanaka，N.,Kaneko，T.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
First page：A431-A440, 1991

物体周りの組織渦を利用した浮遊砂の促進について, 田中，金子　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
田中則夫
Volume：35, First page：365, Last page：370, 1991
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.35.365
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.35.365, CiNii Articles ID：10008003178

底面上の3次元ならびに2次元物体後方の組織的渦構造の変動特性，田中　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Norio TANAKA
Journal of Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics, Volume：10, Number：2, First page：93, Last page：105, 1991
DOI：https://doi.org/10.11426/nagare1982.10.93
DOI ID：10.11426/nagare1982.10.93, ISSN：0286-3154, CiNii Articles ID：80005990044

Promotion of Sediment Suspension Utilizing Coherent Eddies around an Obstacle in front of a Weir, Tanaka，N.,Kaneko，T.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
First page：A431-A440, 1991

Vortex Motion around Large Roughness Elements in Open Channel Flow　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; HOSOKAWA Tomonaru; TAMAI Nobuyuki
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B, Volume：34, First page：487, Last page：492, 1990
Flow around large roughness elements in open channel flow is studied by flow visualization using hemisphere and hemicylinder in a flow. When water depth to roughness height ratio (H/R) equals 3, shed vortices reach the water surface and there occurs 'boiling phenomenon'. The flow around a two-dimensional roughness (hemicylinder) was found similar to that of the hemisphere, and boiling phenomenon appeared in 5 rows. Near the reattachment point, the mean flow is upward in the "vortices head's" section and downward in the "leg's" section. Results show the effect of vortices' motion on the mean velocity profile.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.34.487
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.34.487, ISSN：0916-7374, CiNii Articles ID：130003841371

開水路底面上の大規模粗度付近における渦運動について, 田中，細川，玉井　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
TANAKA Norio; HOSOKAWA Tomonaru; TAMAI Nobuyuki
Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B, Volume：34, First page：487, Last page：492, 1990
Flow around large roughness elements in open channel flow is studied by flow visualization using hemisphere and hemicylinder in a flow. When water depth to roughness height ratio (H/R) equals 3, shed vortices reach the water surface and there occurs 'boiling phenomenon'. The flow around a two-dimensional roughness (hemicylinder) was found similar to that of the hemisphere, and boiling phenomenon appeared in 5 rows. Near the reattachment point, the mean flow is upward in the "vortices head's" section and downward in the "leg's" section. Results show the effect of vortices' motion on the mean velocity profile.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
DOI：https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.34.487
DOI ID：10.2208/prohe.34.487, ISSN：0916-7374, CiNii Articles ID：130003841371

VORTEX STRUCTURES AROUND A HEMISPHERIC HUMP　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
N TAMAI; T ASAEDA; N TANAKA
BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY, Volume：39, Number：3, First page：301, Last page：314, May 1987
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL, English
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00116124
DOI ID：10.1007/BF00116124, ISSN：0006-8314, Web of Science ID：WOS:A1987H680500007

Vortex strctures around a hemispheric hump, Tamai, N., Asada, T., Tanaka, N.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Volume：39, Number：3, First page：301, Last page：314, 1987
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00116124
DOI ID：10.1007/BF00116124, ISSN：0006-8314

■ Books and other publications

水理公式集例題集（2024年版）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
[Joint work]
Dec. 2024

高橋裕他川の百科事典　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

高橋裕他川の百科事典　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
丸善, 2009

有田正光編、池田裕一、栗山昭、田中規夫、中井正則著生物圏の環境　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

有田正光編、池田裕一、栗山昭、田中規夫、中井正則著生物圏の環境　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
東京電機大学出版局, 2007

浅枝隆，田中規夫湖沼およびダム湖の管理手法と整備水環境ハンドブック　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

浅枝隆，田中規夫湖沼およびダム湖の管理手法と整備水環境ハンドブック　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
日本水環境学会編, 2006

■ Lectures, oral presentations, etc.

洪水時流失条件に基づく流木捕捉が可能な樹林帯の分類評価に関する研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Hydrologic budget and Hydrodynamic Modelling approach in Restoring Koggala Lake　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Effect of Submerged Plants on Disslved Oxygen Dynamics and Nitrogen Removal in Constructed Wetlands　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Restoration of Koggala Lagoon; Evaluating Lagoon Hydrologic Budget, Flushing Time and Flow Characteristics　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Effects of tsunami and tree conditions on tsunami reduction –experimental study　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Flow through vegetation: steady flow resistance　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Numerical modeling of steady flow through vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Pre and post anoxic denitrification on nitrogen removal in wetland systems using submerged and floating macrophytes　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Local adaptation of coastal forest for tsunami reduction, the case study around Sendai airport, Japan　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Drag coefficient of a real tree trunk at high Reynolds numers　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Drag and sheltering characteristics of clump-type vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Impact of riverbed elevation change on threshold moment and shear stress for washing out trees in a river　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Difference of wash-out condition of plants due to floods with respect to the vegetated location on gravel-bed bars　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Vegetaion engineering for eco-friendrical countermeasure to mitigate disasters in coast or river　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Experiments on solitary waves passing through coastal vegetation under Waterlogged Conditions　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Influence of fluid forces induced by turbulence flow on bed protection block stability　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Effects of substrate removal in root anchoring zone on maximum resistive bending moment for overturning　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

The Effectiveness of Vetiver Grass in Controlling Water Borne Erosion in Bangladesh　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Evaluation of the sequential impact of integrated submerged-floating macrophyte wetland systems in wastewater treatment　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Restoration of Koggala Lagoon; Modelling Approach in evaluating Lagoon Water budget and Flow Characteristics　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Tsunami flow velocity behind the coastal forest with an open gap– Effects of tsunami and tree condition　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Indices for evaluating the breaking and wash-out condition of trees on gravel bar at flood events　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands in tropical conditions　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Effect of Coir on Bioremediation of Pollutants in Tropical Constructed Wetlands in Asia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

Effect of Coir on Bioremediation of Pollutants in Tropical Constructed Wetlands　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

河川敷の薮化・樹林化問題を考えるこれまでの治水対策で大丈夫か　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2009

洪水時流失条件に基づく流木捕捉が可能な樹林帯の分類評価に関する研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
応用生態工学年会, 2009

Hydrologic budget and Hydrodynamic Modelling approach in Restoring Koggala Lake　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
応用生態工学年会, 2009

Effect of Submerged Plants on Disslved Oxygen Dynamics and Nitrogen Removal in Constructed Wetlands　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Tropical Agricultural Research, 2009

Restoration of Koggala Lagoon; Evaluating Lagoon Hydrologic Budget, Flushing Time and Flow Characteristics　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proceedings of ADB -JSP Forum, 2009

Effects of tsunami and tree conditions on tsunami reduction –experimental study　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Vietnamese and Japanese Students' Scientific Exchange Conference, 2009

Flow through vegetation: steady flow resistance　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of the International Exchange Symposium, 2009

Numerical modeling of steady flow through vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of the International Exchange Symposium, 2009

Pre and post anoxic denitrification on nitrogen removal in wetland systems using submerged and floating macrophytes　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of the International Exchange Symposium, 2009

Local adaptation of coastal forest for tsunami reduction, the case study around Sendai airport, Japan　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of the International Exchange Symposium, 2009

Drag coefficient of a real tree trunk at high Reynolds numers　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of the International Exchange Symposium, 2009

Drag and sheltering characteristics of clump-type vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of the International Exchange Symposium, 2009

Impact of riverbed elevation change on threshold moment and shear stress for washing out trees in a river　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of the International Exchange Symposium, 2009

Difference of wash-out condition of plants due to floods with respect to the vegetated location on gravel-bed bars　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of the International Exchange Symposium, 2009

Vegetaion engineering for eco-friendrical countermeasure to mitigate disasters in coast or river　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of the International Exchange Symposium, 2009

Experiments on solitary waves passing through coastal vegetation under Waterlogged Conditions　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
South China Sea Tsunami Workshop 3 SCSTW3, 2009

Influence of fluid forces induced by turbulence flow on bed protection block stability　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 11th Int. Summer Sym., 2009

Effects of substrate removal in root anchoring zone on maximum resistive bending moment for overturning　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 11th Int. Summer Sym, 2009

The Effectiveness of Vetiver Grass in Controlling Water Borne Erosion in Bangladesh　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 11th Int. Summer Sym, 2009

Evaluation of the sequential impact of integrated submerged-floating macrophyte wetland systems in wastewater treatment　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 11th Int. Summer Sym, 2009

Restoration of Koggala Lagoon; Modelling Approach in evaluating Lagoon Water budget and Flow Characteristics　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
13th International Conference on Integrated Diffuse Pollution Management (IWA DIPCON 2009), 2009

Tsunami flow velocity behind the coastal forest with an open gap– Effects of tsunami and tree condition　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Coastal Dynamics2009, 2009

Indices for evaluating the breaking and wash-out condition of trees on gravel bar at flood events　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of 33rd IAHR, 2009

Wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands in tropical conditions　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Abstracts of Regional workshop on Wetland Resources Management: Integrated Approach Towards Sustainability, 2009

Effect of Coir on Bioremediation of Pollutants in Tropical Constructed Wetlands in Asia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proceedings of the 18th Symposium on Environmental Chemistry, 2009

Effect of Coir on Bioremediation of Pollutants in Tropical Constructed Wetlands　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Symposium on Effective Synergization of Water Resources and Natural Landscape, 2009

河川敷の薮化・樹林化問題を考えるこれまでの治水対策で大丈夫か　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
第56回日本生態学会講演要旨集, 2009

側岸侵食が樹木の流失限界に及ぼす影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

株状粗度群内の底面せん断力特性の評価に関する実験的研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Green belt response for tsunami mitigation in Sri Lanka: evidences from Field observations and Numerical simulations 154　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Effect of Open Gap in Coastal Forest on Tsunami Reduction - Investigation by Experiment and Numerical Simulation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Tsunami defense combining coastal vegetation and the banking of coastal roads　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Performance of Scirpus grossus in mono and mixed cultures in constructed wetlands under tropical conditions treating domestic waste　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Effective coastal vegetative landscaping for the tsunami protection in Sri Lanka　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Mitigation of Tsunami Inundation by Coastal Vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Impact of coconut coir-pith as an alternative substrate material on water reclamation in submergent plant wetland systems　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

ptimal wind protection fence that minimize the spray transport to the downstream　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Flow structures and sedimentation characteristics around colony-type vegetation at flood events　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Distributed water balance model in watershed coupling with river dynamic flow routing method　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Numerical investigation of the effects of opening gap width in forest on tsunami runup on coast　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Conservation significance of wetlands Case study from Sri Lanka　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Effect of harvesting on constructed wetlands performance in tropical conditions　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Effect of ammonium nitrogen concentration on nitrate nitrogen removal in submerged plant wetland microcosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Effect of coconut coir-pith supplement on enhanced water reclamation activity in submerged plant wetland systems　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Vegetation bio-shield for tsunami: its effectiveness, limitations, construction, management and future planning　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Coastal vegetation effects on reducing tsunami run-up height and the fluid force　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Collapse condition of river bed protection block installed in the front of weirs by floods　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Loading experiments of standing trees with the modeled local scour in the root anchoring zone　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Tsunami defense effects by the combination of coastal vegetation and banking of coastal road　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Evaluation of the removal condition of invasive plant to gravel bed river, Eragrostis curvula, by the erosion of substrate　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Distributed water balance model in watershed coupling with dynamic and diffusive river flow routing　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Differences of tree-breaking pattern and breaking moment by floods with different tree age and substrate condition under two flood disturbances　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Modeling Approach on Studying the Effect of Water Level Fluctuation on Belowground Oxygen Dynamics in Wetland Mesocosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Distributed Water Balance Model in Watershed Coupled With River Flow Routings　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

側岸侵食が樹木の流失限界に及ぼす影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
第63回年次学術講演会, 2008

株状粗度群内の底面せん断力特性の評価に関する実験的研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2008

Green belt response for tsunami mitigation in Sri Lanka: evidences from Field observations and Numerical simulations 154　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
International Forestry & Environmental Symposium 2008, Sri Lanka, Kaluthara, Sri Lanka, 2008

Effect of Open Gap in Coastal Forest on Tsunami Reduction - Investigation by Experiment and Numerical Simulation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 3rd AIWEST2008, Banda Ache-Indonesia, 2008

Tsunami defense combining coastal vegetation and the banking of coastal roads　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 3st AIWEST, Banda Ache-Indonesia, 2008

Performance of Scirpus grossus in mono and mixed cultures in constructed wetlands under tropical conditions treating domestic waste　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 7th Sym., pp.28, Eastern University, Sri Lanka, 2008

Effective coastal vegetative landscaping for the tsunami protection in Sri Lanka　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Annual proceedings of SLAAS (Sri Lanka Assoc. for the Advancement of Science) conference, 2008

Mitigation of Tsunami Inundation by Coastal Vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
IESL, 2008

Impact of coconut coir-pith as an alternative substrate material on water reclamation in submergent plant wetland systems　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. ICWST 2008 India, 2008

ptimal wind protection fence that minimize the spray transport to the downstream　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of 16th IAHR-APD & 3rd IAHR-ISHS, Nanjin, China, 2008

Flow structures and sedimentation characteristics around colony-type vegetation at flood events　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of 16th IAHR-APD & 3rd IAHR-ISHS, Nanjin, China, 2008

Distributed water balance model in watershed coupling with river dynamic flow routing method　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of 16th IAHR-APD & 3rd IAHR-ISHS, Nanjin, China, 2008

Numerical investigation of the effects of opening gap width in forest on tsunami runup on coast　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 10th Int. Summer Sym., 2008

Conservation significance of wetlands Case study from Sri Lanka　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 10th Int. Summer Sym., 2008

Effect of harvesting on constructed wetlands performance in tropical conditions　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 10th Int. Summer Sym., 2008

Effect of ammonium nitrogen concentration on nitrate nitrogen removal in submerged plant wetland microcosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 10th Int. Summer Sym., 2008

Effect of coconut coir-pith supplement on enhanced water reclamation activity in submerged plant wetland systems　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Asia, International Exchange Symposium on September 15-19 [2008], Saitama University, Japan (SU), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (UoP) & University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka (UoM) , Sri Lanka, 2008

Vegetation bio-shield for tsunami: its effectiveness, limitations, construction, management and future planning　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Asia, International Exchange Symposium on September 15-19 [2008], Saitama University, Japan (SU), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (UoP) & University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka (UoM) , Sri Lanka, 2008

Coastal vegetation effects on reducing tsunami run-up height and the fluid force　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Asia, International Exchange Symposium on September 15-19 [2008], Saitama University, Japan (SU), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (UoP) & University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka (UoM) , Sri Lanka, 2008

Collapse condition of river bed protection block installed in the front of weirs by floods　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Asia, International Exchange Symposium on September 15-19 [2008], Saitama University, Japan (SU), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (UoP) & University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka (UoM) , Sri Lanka, 2008

Loading experiments of standing trees with the modeled local scour in the root anchoring zone　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Asia, International Exchange Symposium on September 15-19 [2008], Saitama University, Japan (SU), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (UoP) & University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka (UoM) , Sri Lanka, 2008

Tsunami defense effects by the combination of coastal vegetation and banking of coastal road　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. of Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Asia, International Exchange Symposium on September 15-19 [2008], Saitama University, Japan (SU), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (UoP) & University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka (UoM) , Sri Lanka,, 2008

Evaluation of the removal condition of invasive plant to gravel bed river, Eragrostis curvula, by the erosion of substrate　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
ICHE, 2008

Distributed water balance model in watershed coupling with dynamic and diffusive river flow routing　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
ICHE, 2008

Differences of tree-breaking pattern and breaking moment by floods with different tree age and substrate condition under two flood disturbances　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
ICHE, 2008

Modeling Approach on Studying the Effect of Water Level Fluctuation on Belowground Oxygen Dynamics in Wetland Mesocosms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 12th International Conference on Integrated Diffuse Pollution Management (IWA DIPCON 2008), 2008

Distributed Water Balance Model in Watershed Coupled With River Flow Routings　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
EJISST 2008 booklet, 2008

樹木群模型周辺の流れ構造と繁茂状態の異なる実樹木群周辺の土砂堆積特性　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

河道内樹木の鉛直構造の違いを考慮した合成抗力作用高さの変化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

Werellagama, D.R.I.B., Jinadasa, K.B.S.N. and Y. Sasaki, Sustainable coastal vegetation-based landscaping: Its role for tsunami protection in Sri Lanka　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

Effects and limitations of coastal vegetation in tsunami protection: Points for mitigation and future reconstruction　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

Coastal vegetation and tsunami protection: A case study on field investigation and numerical simulation (Poster)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007
Poster presentation

ジャワ津波災害において海岸林や樹木が果たした減災と救命効果　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

A Trial to Calculate the Nitrogen Removal Efficiency with One Dimensional Nitrogen Budget Model on the Reed-Wetland Soil System　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

樹木群模型周辺の流れ構造と繁茂状態の異なる実樹木群周辺の土砂堆積特性　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
土木学会, 2007

河道内樹木の鉛直構造の違いを考慮した合成抗力作用高さの変化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
土木学会, 2007

Werellagama, D.R.I.B., Jinadasa, K.B.S.N. and Y. Sasaki, Sustainable coastal vegetation-based landscaping: Its role for tsunami protection in Sri Lanka　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

Effects and limitations of coastal vegetation in tsunami protection: Points for mitigation and future reconstruction　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

Coastal vegetation and tsunami protection: A case study on field investigation and numerical simulation (Poster)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007
Poster presentation

ジャワ津波災害において海岸林や樹木が果たした減災と救命効果　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

A Trial to Calculate the Nitrogen Removal Efficiency with One Dimensional Nitrogen Budget Model on the Reed-Wetland Soil System　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
ABSTRACTS of WRRS2005 IWA, 2007

シナダレスズメガヤ周辺の土砂移動限界の変化および同植物の洪水時除去条件　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006
Poster presentation

ガガブタNymphoides indicaの動態と栄養塩吸収特性　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006
Poster presentation

ベンチュリ効果によるヨシ枯死茎通気特性の水工学的考察　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Plant expansion modeling for analyzing the change of the threshold velocity of gravel movement　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Model evaluation of regeneration and reproduction of harvested Phragmites australis stand - Similarity at three Japanese sites -　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Modeling analysis of the competition between Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus under the damage of stem-breaking or , bending　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006
Poster presentation

Effective coastal vegetation species and structures with landform, sand dune and lagoon, for tsunami protection at the Indian Ocean tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Trial run with intermittent loading to control clogging in subsurface flow constructed wetlands　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Effects of flood interval on the growth of Phragmites japonica and the change of threshold velocity for gravel movement　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Wind tunnel experiments on flow around double arranged windbreaks　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Effective Coastal Vegetation Management for Tsunami Protection　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Effects of sand dune and vegetation in the coastal area of Sri Lanka at the Indian Ocean tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Effect of dead culm on radial oxygen loss of Phragmites australis under different light intensities and temperature　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

The effect of stem breaking/bending of two rhizomatous plants, Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus on the floodplain vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Effects and limitation of coastal vegetation on and behind the sand dune at the Indian Ocean tsunami and important points for future restoration　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Roughing Filter coupled with Treatment Wetland - A solution for restoring sanitation after natural disasters -　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Improving nitrogen removal by carbon substrate amendment in vegetated tank with vertical flow system　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Effect of cutting on net production and sustainability of emergent macrophytes, Zizania latifolia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

シナダレスズメガヤ周辺の土砂移動限界の変化および同植物の洪水時除去条件　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006
Poster presentation

ガガブタNymphoides indicaの動態と栄養塩吸収特性　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006
Poster presentation

ベンチュリ効果によるヨシ枯死茎通気特性の水工学的考察　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Plant expansion modeling for analyzing the change of the threshold velocity of gravel movement　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Model evaluation of regeneration and reproduction of harvested Phragmites australis stand - Similarity at three Japanese sites -　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Modeling analysis of the competition between Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus under the damage of stem-breaking or , bending　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006
Poster presentation

Effective coastal vegetation species and structures with landform, sand dune and lagoon, for tsunami protection at the Indian Ocean tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
APD-IAHR Congress, 2006

Trial run with intermittent loading to control clogging in subsurface flow constructed wetlands　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
APD-IAHR Congress, 2006

Effects of flood interval on the growth of Phragmites japonica and the change of threshold velocity for gravel movement　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
APD-IAHR Congress, 2006

Wind tunnel experiments on flow around double arranged windbreaks　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Effective Coastal Vegetation Management for Tsunami Protection　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Effects of sand dune and vegetation in the coastal area of Sri Lanka at the Indian Ocean tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Effect of dead culm on radial oxygen loss of Phragmites australis under different light intensities and temperature　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

The effect of stem breaking/bending of two rhizomatous plants, Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus on the floodplain vegetation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Effects and limitation of coastal vegetation on and behind the sand dune at the Indian Ocean tsunami and important points for future restoration　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2006

Roughing Filter coupled with Treatment Wetland - A solution for restoring sanitation after natural disasters -　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc.JSWE, 2006

Improving nitrogen removal by carbon substrate amendment in vegetated tank with vertical flow system　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc.JSWE, 2006

Effect of cutting on net production and sustainability of emergent macrophytes, Zizania latifolia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc.JSWE, 2006

Coastal vegetation for Tsunami protection Case study from the Indian Ocean (Sri Lanka and Thailand)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2005

礫河原における多年生草本シナダレスズメガヤ(Eragrostis curvula)の除去条件の評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2005

洪水攪乱により土砂被りを受けたツルヨシの翌年の再生長特性　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2005
Poster presentation

Regrowth characteristics of two rhizomatous plants, Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus after damages on their stems　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2005

Effect of external organic matter addition on a lab-scale subsurface flow constructed wetland　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2005

Effect of disturbance on the productivity of emergent macrophytes, Zizania latifolia Turcz.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2005

Application of the distributed water and sediment balance model including dam construction effect to the Arakawa River basin　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2005

Analysis of required flood disturbance intensity and frequency for maintaining small wetland plants　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2005

異なる光量下における枯死茎の有無がヨシの根からの酸素漏出量に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2005

ベンチュリー効果によるヨシ枯死茎の酸素輸送量の定量化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2005

インド洋大津波と海岸林が果たした役割タイ、スリランカ沿岸　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2005

Coastal vegetation for Tsunami protection Case study from the Indian Ocean (Sri Lanka and Thailand)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc.International Conference on Coastal and fluvial Disasters (Kyoto), 2005

礫河原における多年生草本シナダレスズメガヤ(Eragrostis curvula)の除去条件の評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
応用生態工学研究会第9回大会, 2005

洪水攪乱により土砂被りを受けたツルヨシの翌年の再生長特性　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
応用生態工学研究会第9回大会, 2005
Poster presentation

Regrowth characteristics of two rhizomatous plants, Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus after damages on their stems　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 7th Int. Summer Sym., 2005

Effect of external organic matter addition on a lab-scale subsurface flow constructed wetland　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 7th Int. Summer Sym., 2005

Effect of disturbance on the productivity of emergent macrophytes, Zizania latifolia Turcz.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 7th Int. Summer Sym., 2005

Application of the distributed water and sediment balance model including dam construction effect to the Arakawa River basin　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 7th Int. Summer Sym., 2005

Analysis of required flood disturbance intensity and frequency for maintaining small wetland plants　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc. 7th Int. Summer Sym., 2005

異なる光量下における枯死茎の有無がヨシの根からの酸素漏出量に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
年会, 2005

ベンチュリー効果によるヨシ枯死茎の酸素輸送量の定量化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
日本水環境学会年会, 2005

インド洋大津波と海岸林が果たした役割タイ、スリランカ沿岸　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
第11回日本マングローブ学会, 2005

株状群落モデルに作用する流体力について　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004

Effects of vegetation and litter on flow　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004

Effect of stem-breaking caused by flood on the transition of wetland vegetation in old river trace　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004

台風攪乱による砂被りが翌年のコウボウムギの飛砂捕捉量に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004

刈り取りがヨシ湿地土壌中の窒素動態に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004

ツルヨシ(Phragmites japonica)のランナーによる拡大能力の評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004

Hydrodynamic force on colony-model cylinders with different porosity　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004

Estimation of mineral nutrient budget and sediment nutrient uptake of Typha angustifolia using a mathematical model　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004

DRIB Werellagama, MIM mowjood, Junji Yagisawa, Remediation and rehabilitation of constructed wetland　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004

Wind tunnel experiments on blown-sand phenomena around inclined porous cylinders　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004

株状群落モデルに作用する流体力について　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
流体力の評価とその応用に関する研究論文集, 2004

Effects of vegetation and litter on flow　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
4th ISEH/14th IAHR-APD, 2004

Effect of stem-breaking caused by flood on the transition of wetland vegetation in old river trace　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
4th ISEH/14th IAHR-APD, 2004

台風攪乱による砂被りが翌年のコウボウムギの飛砂捕捉量に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
応用生態工学研究会第8回大会, 2004

刈り取りがヨシ湿地土壌中の窒素動態に与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
第32回環境システム研究論文発表会講演集, 2004

ツルヨシ(Phragmites japonica)のランナーによる拡大能力の評価　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
応用生態工学研究会第8回大会, 2004

Hydrodynamic force on colony-model cylinders with different porosity　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
The 6th International Summer Symposium, JSCE, 2004

Estimation of mineral nutrient budget and sediment nutrient uptake of Typha angustifolia using a mathematical model　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
The 6th International Summer Symposium, JSCE, 2004

DRIB Werellagama, MIM mowjood, Junji Yagisawa, Remediation and rehabilitation of constructed wetland　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
The 6th International Summer Symposium, JSCE, 2004

Wind tunnel experiments on blown-sand phenomena around inclined porous cylinders　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc., 10th Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics, 2004

Performance comparison of Typha angustifolia and Scirpus grossus in tropical free water surface constructed wetland　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Poster presentation

Kinetics of hexavalent chromium adsorption on coconut coir pith in aqueous solutions

Estimation of nutrient budgets around Typha angustifolia considering the harvesting of aerial organs and their regrowth characteristics in different growing seasons

Effects of vegetation on pollutant removal in a constructed wetland: Potential applications for tropical developing-world countries

Effect of external organic matter addition on phosphorus removal process in a lab scale subsurface flow constructed wetland　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Poster presentation

Performance comparison of Typha angustifolia and Scirpus grossus in tropical free water surface constructed wetland　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc.WRRS
Poster presentation

Kinetics of hexavalent chromium adsorption on coconut coir pith in aqueous solutions　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc.JSWE

Estimation of nutrient budgets around Typha angustifolia considering the harvesting of aerial organs and their regrowth characteristics in different growing seasons　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
IWA-ASPIRE

Effects of vegetation on pollutant removal in a constructed wetland: Potential applications for tropical developing-world countries　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
IWA-ASPIRE

Effect of external organic matter addition on phosphorus removal process in a lab scale subsurface flow constructed wetland　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Proc.WRRS
Poster presentation

■ Affiliated academic society

IAHR

■ Research projects

湿地　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Competitive research funding

植生水理学　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Competitive research funding

津波　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Competitive research funding

ｗｅｔｌａｎｄ　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Competitive research funding

vegetation hydraulics　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Competitive research funding

tsunami　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Competitive research funding

■ Industrial Property Rights

防潮柵及び飛沫の飛散防止方法　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Patent right

防潮柵及び飛沫の飛散防止方法　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Patent right

Environmental Science and Civil Engineering Division	Professor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

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TANAKA NorioEnvironmental Science and Civil Engineering DivisionProfessorDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering

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TANAKA　Norio
Environmental Science and Civil Engineering Division Professor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering