西 宏起(ニシ ヒロキ)
理工学研究科 生命科学部門助教
理学部 生体制御学科

研究者情報

■ 研究キーワード
  • シグナル伝達
  • 生活習慣病
  • 細胞生物学
  • 内分泌学
  • 生化学
  • 栄養
  • 代謝
■ 研究分野
  • ライフサイエンス, 代謝、内分泌学, 栄養、代謝制御
■ 経歴
  • 2024年04月 - 現在, 埼玉大学大学院理工学研究科, 助教
  • 2019年04月 - 2024年03月, 東京大学大学院農学生命科学研究科, 特任研究員
  • 2016年04月 - 2019年03月, 東京大学大学院農学生命科学研究科, 日本学術振興会特別研究員
■ 学歴
  • 2014年04月 - 2019年03月, 東京大学, 大学院農学生命科学研究科, 応用動物科学専攻
  • 2012年04月 - 2014年03月, 東京大学, 農学部, 動物生命システム科学専修
  • 2010年04月 - 2012年03月, 東京大学, 教養学部, 理科二類

業績情報

■ 論文
  • Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 Regulates the Secretion of Growth Factors in Response to Amino Acid Deprivation.               
    Ayaka Takahashi; Haruka Furuta; Hiroki Nishi; Hiroyasu Kamei; Shin-Ichiro Takahashi; Fumihiko Hakuno
    International journal of molecular sciences, 巻:26, 号:2, 2025年01月, [査読有り], [国際誌]
    Insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) are well-known mediators of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I signaling pathways. We previously reported that the protein levels of IRS-2, a molecular species of IRS, were upregulated in the livers of rats fed a protein-restricted diet. This study aimed to elucidate the physiological role of IRS-2, whose level increases in response to protein restriction in cultured hepatocyte models. Hepatocyte-derived cell lines subjected to amino acid deprivation showed increased IRS2 mRNA and IRS-2 protein levels due to increased IRS2 transcription and translation, respectively. Amino acid deprivation markedly increased vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) secretion. Remarkably, the amino acid deprivation-induced VEGF-D secretion was suppressed by IRS-2 knockdown and enhanced by IRS-2 overexpression. These results suggest that IRS-2 is an intercellular signaling molecule that extracellularly transmits information on amino acid deprivation stress by regulating the secretion of growth factors such as VEGF-D. Moreover, this function of IRS-2 is distinct from its currently accepted function as a mediator of the insulin/IGF-I signaling pathways. This study demonstrates that IRS-2 can modulate protein secretion in an insulin-independent manner and greatly expands our understanding of the role of IRS-2, which is upregulated in response to amino acid deprivation.
    英語, 研究論文(学術雑誌)
    DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020841
    DOI ID:10.3390/ijms26020841, PubMed ID:39859555, PubMed Central ID:PMC11766276
  • Metabolic Effects of Short-Term High-Fat Intake Vary Depending on Dietary Amino Acid Composition.               
    Hiroki Nishi; Yuki Goda; Ryosuke Okino; Ruri Iwai; Reona Maezawa; Koichi Ito; Shin-Ichiro Takahashi; Daisuke Yamanaka; Fumihiko Hakuno
    Current developments in nutrition, 巻:8, 号:6, 開始ページ:103768, 終了ページ:103768, 2024年06月, [査読有り], [国際誌]
    BACKGROUND: It is generally accepted that excessive fat intake has undesirable effects on the energy metabolism of our body. Dietary amino acid composition is also critical to the regulation of lipid metabolism. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate whether high-fat diets (HFDs) with different amino acid deficiencies lead to different metabolic outcomes. METHODS: Six-wk-old male Wistar rats were fed either a control diet (CN; 3.7 kcal/g, 12% calories from fat) or HFDs (5.1 kcal/g, 60% calories from fat) with 7 different amino acid compositions [control or methionine, arginine, histidine, lysine, threonine, or branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) deficient], for 7 d. Tissue weights and lipid accumulation in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue were measured, and serum biochemical parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: Although the food intake of the HFD groups was a little less than that of the CN group, the total calorie intakes were comparable among the groups, except for histidine-deficient and BCAA-deficient groups. In rats fed am HFD with a control amino acid composition (HFCN), dramatic increase in triglyceride (TG) accumulation in the liver and serum LDL cholesterol concentration were observed compared with the CN group. However, when the arginine content in the diet was reduced, liver TG accumulation was completely inhibited, with no apparent effects on serum lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. Meanwhile, deficiency of the other amino acids, such as threonine, reversed HFD-induced upregulation of serum LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: It is observed that although the rats ingested an excessive amount of fat, neither ectopic fat accumulation nor dyslipidemia were always induced at least in the short term; hence, the consequent metabolic change was dependent on the dietary amino acid composition. These findings introduce an important perspective regarding HFD regimens in both scientific and clinical contexts.
    英語, 研究論文(学術雑誌)
    DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.103768
    DOI ID:10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.103768, PubMed ID:38939648, PubMed Central ID:PMC11208941
  • Growth hormone resistance induced by amino acid deprivation in fao cells is independent of FGF21.               
    Maki Saito; Hiroki Nishi; Shin-Ichiro Takahashi; Fumihiko Hakuno; Ichiro Miyata
    Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 巻:709, 開始ページ:149811, 終了ページ:149811, 2024年05月, [査読有り], [国際誌]
    Adequate dietary intake of amino acids is imperative for normal animal growth. Our previous work using rat hepatocarcinoma Fao cells demonstrated that growth hormone (GH) resistance, coupled with a concurrent reduction in insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) mRNA levels, may underlie the growth retardation associated with a low-protein diet (LPD). In this study, we investigated whether FGF21 contributes to liver GH resistance in Fao rat hepatoma cells under amino acid deprivation conditions. Mice subjected to an LPD exhibited growth retardation, compromised GH signaling in the liver, and decreased blood IGF-1 levels compared with those on a control diet. To assess the potential involvement of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, produced in response to amino acid deficiency, in the development of GH resistance, we examined GH signaling and Igf1 mRNA levels in Fao cells cultured in amino acid-deprived medium. Despite the inhibition of Fgf21 expression by the integrated stress response inhibitor, an inhibitor of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2-activating transcription factor 4 pathway, GH resistance persisted in response to amino acid deprivation. Additionally, the introduction of FGF21 into the control medium did not impair either GH signaling or GH-induced Igf1 transcription. These data suggest that, in Fao cells, amino acid deprivation induces GH resistance independently of FGF21 activity. By shedding light on the mechanisms behind growth retardation-associated GH resistance linked to amino acid deficiencies, our findings provide valuable insights for clinicians in formulating effective treatment strategies for individuals facing these challenges.
    英語, 研究論文(学術雑誌)
    DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149811
    DOI ID:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149811, PubMed ID:38569244
  • Moderate protein intake percentage in mice for maintaining metabolic health during approach to old age.               
    Yoshitaka Kondo; Hitoshi Aoki; Masato Masuda; Hiroki Nishi; Yoshihiro Noda; Fumihiko Hakuno; Shin-Ichiro Takahashi; Takuya Chiba; Akihito Ishigami
    GeroScience, 巻:45, 号:4, 開始ページ:2707, 終了ページ:2726, 2023年08月, [査読有り], [国際誌]
    Nutritional requirements for maintaining metabolic health may vary with each life stage, such as young, middle, and old age. To investigate the appropriate ratio of nutrients, particularly proteins, for maintaining metabolic health while approaching old age, young (6-month-old) and middle-aged (16-month-old) mice were fed isocaloric diets with varying protein percentages (5%, 15%, 25%, 35%, and 45% by calorie ratio) for two months. The low-protein diet developed mild fatty liver, with middle-aged mice showing more lipids than young mice, whereas the moderate-protein diet suppressed lipid contents and lowered the levels of blood glucose and lipids. Self-organizing map (SOM) analysis revealed that plasma amino acid profiles differed depending on age and difference in protein diet and were associated with hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Results indicate that the moderate protein intake percentages (25% and 35%) are required for maintaining metabolic health in middle-aged mice, which is similar to that in young mice.
    英語, 研究論文(学術雑誌)
    DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-00797-3
    DOI ID:10.1007/s11357-023-00797-3, PubMed ID:37118349, PubMed Central ID:PMC10651611
  • Macroglossia and less advanced dystrophic change in the tongue muscle of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy rat.               
    Keitaro Yamanouchi; Yukie Tanaka; Masanari Ikeda; Shizuka Kato; Ryosuke Okino; Hiroki Nishi; Fumihiko Hakuno; Shin-Ichiro Takahashi; James Chambers; Takashi Matsuwaki; Kazuyuki Uchida
    Skeletal muscle, 巻:12, 号:1, 開始ページ:24, 終了ページ:24, 2022年10月, [査読有り], [国際誌]
    BACKGROUND: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked muscle disease caused by a complete lack of dystrophin, which stabilizes the plasma membrane of myofibers. The orofacial function is affected in an advanced stage of DMD and this often leads to an eating disorder such as dysphagia. Dysphagia is caused by multiple etiologies including decreased mastication and swallowing. Therefore, preventing the functional declines of mastication and swallowing in DMD is important to improve the patient's quality of life. In the present study, using a rat model of DMD we generated previously, we performed analyses on the masseter and tongue muscles, both are required for proper eating function. METHODS: Age-related changes of the masseter and tongue muscle of DMD rats were analyzed morphometrically, histologically, and immunohistochemically. Also, transcription of cellular senescent markers, and utrophin (Utrn), a functional analog of dystrophin, was examined. RESULTS: The masseter muscle of DMD rats showed progressive dystrophic changes as observed in their hindlimb muscle, accompanied by increased transcription of p16 and p19. On the other hand, the tongue of DMD rats showed macroglossia due to hypertrophy of myofibers with less dystrophic changes. Proliferative activity was preserved in the satellite cells from the tongue muscle but was perturbed severely in those from the masseter muscle. While Utrn transcription was increased in the masseter muscle of DMD rats compared to WT rats, probably due to a compensatory mechanism, its level in the tongue muscle was comparable between WT and DMD rats and was similar to that in the masseter muscle of DMD rats. CONCLUSIONS: Muscular dystrophy is less advanced in the tongue muscle compared to the masseter muscle in the DMD rat.
    英語, 研究論文(学術雑誌)
    DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13395-022-00307-7
    DOI ID:10.1186/s13395-022-00307-7, PubMed ID:36258243, PubMed Central ID:PMC9580129
  • Essential Amino Acid Intake Is Required for Sustaining Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Levels but Is Not Necessarily Needed for Body Growth.               
    Hiroki Nishi; Kaito Uchida; Maki Saito; Daisuke Yamanaka; Haruka Nagata; Hinako Tomoshige; Ichiro Miyata; Koichi Ito; Yuka Toyoshima; Shin-Ichiro Takahashi; Fumihiko Hakuno; Asako Takenaka
    Cells, 巻:11, 号:9, 2022年05月, [査読有り], [国際誌]
    Essential amino acids (EAAs) are those that cannot be synthesized enough to meet organismal demand; therefore, it is believed that they must be taken from the diet for optimal growth. The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) system is also considered significant for growth regulation in mammals. This study aimed to evaluate the relative contributions of protein nutrition and the GH/IGF-I system to body growth regulation. Experiments using rodents and hepatocyte-derived cell lines subjected to EAA deficiency showed that a reduction in the serum EAA concentration hinders Igf1 transcription in the liver in a cell-autonomous manner, thereby decreasing serum IGF-I levels. Remarkably, when the serum IGF-I level of mice on a low-protein diet was restored by the recombinant IGF-I infusion, the body growth was mostly rescued, although the mice were still deficient in EAA intake. Meanwhile, the GH signal activation and subsequent Igf1 transcription were also dramatically diminished by EAA deprivation in the cell culture model. Altogether, we demonstrate that EAAs are not strictly necessary for animal growth as building blocks but are required as IGF-I-tropic cues. The results will bring a paradigm shift regarding the definition of "essential" amino acids.
    英語, 研究論文(学術雑誌)
    DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11091523
    DOI ID:10.3390/cells11091523, PubMed ID:35563827, PubMed Central ID:PMC9105520
  • Dietary lysine restriction induces lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle through an increase in serum threonine levels in rats.               
    Yuki Goda; Daisuke Yamanaka; Hiroki Nishi; Masato Masuda; Hiroyasu Kamei; Mikako Kumano; Koichi Ito; Masaya Katsumata; Keitaro Yamanouchi; Naoyuki Kataoka; Fumihiko Hakuno; Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
    The Journal of biological chemistry, 巻:297, 号:4, 開始ページ:101179, 終了ページ:101179, 2021年10月, [査読有り], [国際誌]
    We previously reported that dietary amino acid restriction induces the accumulation of triglycerides (TAG) in the liver of growing rats. However, differences in TAG accumulation in individual cell types or other tissues were not examined. In this study, we show that TAG also accumulates in the muscle and adipose tissues of rats fed a low amino acid (low-AA) diet. In addition, dietary lysine restriction (low-Lys) induces lipid accumulation in muscle and adipose tissues. In adjusting the nitrogen content to that of the control diet, we found that glutamic acid supplementation to the low-AA diet blocked lipid accumulation, but supplementation with the low-Lys diet did not, suggesting that a shortage of nitrogen caused lipids to accumulate in the skeletal muscle in the rats fed a low-AA diet. Serum amino acid measurement revealed that, in rats fed a low-Lys diet, serum lysine levels were decreased, while serum threonine levels were significantly increased compared with the control rats. When the threonine content was restricted in the low-Lys diet, TAG accumulation induced by the low-Lys diet was completely abolished in skeletal muscle. Moreover, in L6 myotubes cultured in medium containing high threonine and low lysine, fatty acid uptake was enhanced compared with that in cells cultured in control medium. These findings suggest that the increased serum threonine in rats fed a low-Lys diet resulted in lipid incorporation into skeletal muscle, leading to the formation of fatty muscle tissue. Collectively, we propose conceptual hypothesis that "amino-acid signal" based on lysine and threonine regulates lipid metabolism.
    英語, 研究論文(学術雑誌)
    DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101179
    DOI ID:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101179, PubMed ID:34508782, PubMed Central ID:PMC8488598
  • A novel amino acid signaling process governs glucose-6-phosphatase transcription.               
    Sara Fukushima; Hiroki Nishi; Mikako Kumano; Daisuke Yamanaka; Naoyuki Kataoka; Fumihiko Hakuno; Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
    iScience, 巻:24, 号:7, 開始ページ:102778, 終了ページ:102778, 2021年07月, [査読有り], [国際誌]
    Emerging evidence has shown that amino acids act as metabolic regulatory signals. Here, we showed that glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) mRNA levels in cultured hepatocyte models were downregulated in an amino-acid-depleted medium. Inversely, stimulation with amino acids increased G6Pase mRNA levels, demonstrating that G6Pase mRNA level is directly controlled by amino acids in a reversible manner. Promoter assay revealed that these amino-acid-mediated changes in G6Pase mRNA levels were attributable to transcriptional regulation, independent of canonical hormone signaling pathways. Metabolomic analysis revealed that amino acid starvation induces a defect in the urea cycle, decreasing ornithine, a major intermediate, and supplementation of ornithine in an amino-acid-depleted medium fully rescued G6Pase mRNA transcription, similar to the effects of amino acid stimulation. This pathway was also independent of established mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway. Collectively, we present a hypothetical concept of "metabolic regulatory amino acid signal," possibly mediated by ornithine.
    英語, 研究論文(学術雑誌)
    DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102778
    DOI ID:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102778, PubMed ID:34278273, PubMed Central ID:PMC8267547
  • Alteration of serum amino acid profiles by dietary adenine supplementation inhibits fatty liver development in rats.               
    Hiroki Nishi; Daisuke Yamanaka; Masato Masuda; Yuki Goda; Koichi Ito; Fumihiko Hakuno; Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
    Scientific reports, 巻:10, 号:1, 開始ページ:22110, 終了ページ:22110, 2020年12月, [査読有り], [国際誌]
    Studies on animal models have demonstrated that feeding a low-arginine diet inhibits triacylglycerol (TAG) secretion from the liver, resulting in marked fatty liver development in rats. Here, we first showed that culturing hepatocytes in the medium mimicking the serum amino acid profile of low-arginine diet-fed rats induced TAG accumulation in the cells, indicating that the specific amino acid profile caused TAG accumulation in hepatocytes. Dietary adenine supplementation completely recovered hepatic TAG secretion and abolished hepatic TAG accumulation in rats. A comprehensive non-linear analysis revealed that inhibition of hepatic TAG accumulation by dietary adenine supplementation could be predicted using only serum amino acid concentration data. Comparison of serum amino acid concentrations indicated that histidine, methionine, and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations were altered by adenine supplementation. Furthermore, when the serum amino acid profiles of low-arginine diet-fed rats were altered by modifying methionine or BCAA concentrations in their diets, their hepatic TAG accumulation was abolished. Altogether, these results suggest that an increase in methionine and BCAA levels in the serum in response to dietary arginine deficiency is a key causative factor for hepatic TAG accumulation, and dietary adenine supplementation could disrupt this phenomenon by altering serum amino acid profiles.
    英語, 研究論文(学術雑誌)
    DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79234-w
    DOI ID:10.1038/s41598-020-79234-w, PubMed ID:33335253, PubMed Central ID:PMC7747621
  • Low-arginine and low-protein diets induce hepatic lipid accumulation through different mechanisms in growing rats.               
    Lila Otani; Hiroki Nishi; Ayaka Koyama; Yuta Akasaka; Yusuke Taguchi; Yuka Toyoshima; Daisuke Yamanaka; Fumihiko Hakuno; Huijuan Jia; Shin-Ichiro Takahashi; Hisanori Kato
    Nutrition & metabolism, 巻:17, 開始ページ:60, 終了ページ:60, 2020年, [査読有り], [国際誌]
    BACKGROUND: Dietary protein deficiency and amino acid imbalance cause hepatic fat accumulation. We previously demonstrated that only arginine deficiency or total amino acid deficiency in a diet caused significant hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation in young Wistar rats. In this study, we explored the mechanisms of fatty liver formation in these models. METHODS: We fed 6-week-old male Wistar rats a control diet (containing an amino acid mixture equivalent to 15% protein), a low-total-amino acid diet (equivalent to 5% protein; 5PAA), and a low-arginine diet (only the arginine content is as low as that of the 5PAA diet) for 2 weeks. RESULTS: Much greater hepatic TG accumulation was observed in the low-arginine group than in the low-total-amino acid group. The lipid consumption rate and fatty acid uptake in the liver did not significantly differ between the groups. In contrast, the low-total-amino acid diet potentiated insulin sensitivity and related signaling in the liver and enhanced de novo lipogenesis. The low-arginine diet also inhibited hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein secretion without affecting hepatic insulin signaling and lipogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Although the arginine content of the low-arginine diet was as low as that of the low-total-amino acid diet, the two diets caused fatty liver via completely different mechanisms. Enhanced lipogenesis was the primary cause of a low-protein diet-induced fatty liver, whereas lower very-low-density lipoprotein secretion caused low-arginine diet-induced fatty liver.
    英語, 研究論文(学術雑誌)
    DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-020-00477-5
    DOI ID:10.1186/s12986-020-00477-5, PubMed ID:32774438, PubMed Central ID:PMC7398226
  • Importance of Serum Amino Acid Profile for Induction of Hepatic Steatosis under Protein Malnutrition.               
    Hiroki Nishi; Daisuke Yamanaka; Hiroyasu Kamei; Yuki Goda; Mikako Kumano; Yuka Toyoshima; Asako Takenaka; Masato Masuda; Yasushi Nakabayashi; Ryuji Shioya; Naoyuki Kataoka; Fumihiko Hakuno; Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
    Scientific reports, 巻:8, 号:1, 開始ページ:5461, 終了ページ:5461, 2018年04月, [査読有り], [国際誌]
    We previously reported that a low-protein diet caused animals to develop fatty liver containing a high level of triglycerides (TG), similar to the human nutritional disorder "kwashiorkor". To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we cultured hepatocytes in amino acid-sufficient or deficient medium. Surprisingly, the intracellular TG level was increased by amino acid deficiency without addition of any lipids or hormones, accompanied by enhanced lipid synthesis, indicating that hepatocytes themselves monitored the extracellular amino acid concentrations to induce lipid accumulation in a cell-autonomous manner. We then confirmed that a low-amino acid diet also resulted in the development of fatty liver, and supplementation of the low-amino acid diet with glutamic acid to compensate the loss of nitrogen source did not completely suppress the hepatic TG accumulation. Only a dietary arginine or threonine deficiency was sufficient to induce hepatic TG accumulation. However, supplementation of a low-amino acid diet with arginine or threonine failed to reverse it. In silico analysis succeeded in predicting liver TG level from the serum amino acid profile. Based on these results, we conclude that dietary amino acid composition dynamically affects the serum amino acid profile, which is sensed by hepatocytes and lipid synthesis was activated cell-autonomously, leading to hepatic steatosis.
    英語, 研究論文(学術雑誌)
    DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23640-8
    DOI ID:10.1038/s41598-018-23640-8, PubMed ID:29615653, PubMed Central ID:PMC5882898
■ MISC
  • オルニチンが肝細胞の糖代謝遺伝子発現を制御する               
    西 宏起; 高橋 伸一郎; 伯野 史彦
    バイオサイエンスとインダストリー, 巻:80, 号:2, 開始ページ:134, 終了ページ:135, 2022年03月
    (一財)バイオインダストリー協会, 日本語
    ISSN:0914-8981, 医中誌Web ID:2022201092
  • アミノ酸の新機能 血中プロファイルに応じた脂質代謝の変動               
    西 宏起; 伯野 史彦; 高橋 伸一郎
    バイオサイエンスとインダストリー, 巻:76, 号:6, 開始ページ:467, 終了ページ:471, 2018年11月
    筆者らは、ごくありふれた栄養素であるアミノ酸の摂取バランスが脂質代謝制御に重要な意味を持つことを明らかにした。この結果をもとに、摂取アミノ酸による個体の脂質代謝系の新しい評価法・制御法を提案したい。(著者抄録)
    (一財)バイオインダストリー協会, 日本語
    ISSN:0914-8981, 医中誌Web ID:2019066144
■ 書籍等出版物
■ 所属学協会
  • 2016年04月 - 現在, 日本内分泌学会
  • 2016年04月 - 現在, 日本分子生物学会
■ 共同研究・競争的資金等の研究課題
  • 低アルギニン食による脂肪肝誘導過程におけるオルニチンシグナルの寄与の解明               
    日本学術振興会, 科学研究費助成事業, 若手研究, 2023年04月01日 - 2025年03月31日
    西 宏起, 東京大学
    配分額(総額):4680000, 配分額(直接経費):3600000, 配分額(間接経費):1080000
    アルギニンの摂取不足の情報を肝臓やその他の臓器が感知し最終的に肝臓に脂質蓄積が誘導されるまでの分子メカニズムを、オルニチンを中心とした臓器間のコミュニケーションという観点から解明することを目的として研究を行った。予備的検討の結果から特に消化管と肝臓との相互作用が重要であることが示唆されていたことから、対照食、低アルギニン食、および低アルギニン食にオルニチンを添加した食餌をラットに7日間給与し、肝臓、小腸、門脈血を採取して消化管での遺伝子発現および門脈血中の代謝物濃度を網羅的に解析した。それらの結果を用いて群間での遺伝子発現や門脈血中代謝物濃度を比較した結果、アルギニン不足やオルニチン摂取に応答して顕著に増減する遺伝子や代謝物を複数同定した。これらの因子はアミノ酸の栄養状態を小腸で感知してその情報を肝臓に伝える情報伝達因子の有力候補と考えれられる。したがってこれらの因子に着目してアミノ酸の栄養条件に応じた肝臓脂質蓄積メカニズムへの関与を詳細に検討していくことで、脂質蓄積誘導における腸-間コミュニケーションの仕組みの解明につながることが期待される。
    キイロショウジョウバエ幼虫の脂質蓄積誘導モデルを利用した栄養シグナル伝達経路の探索については、栄養条件に応じた脂質蓄積の評価系を確立し、RNAi系統を用いた遺伝学的スクリーニングを開始した。これが進み候補遺伝子が同定されれば栄養状態に応答して脂質蓄積を誘導する情報伝達経路が明らかになると期待され、上記のラットモデルで得られた知見と合わせて栄養素による脂質代謝制御機構の全体像が把握できるようになる。
    課題番号:23K13923
  • 生体の糖脂質代謝スイッチを誘導するオルニチン情報伝達経路の同定とその制御               
    日本学術振興会, 科学研究費助成事業, 基盤研究(B), 2022年04月01日 - 2025年03月31日
    伯野 史彦; 高橋 伸一郎; 米山 鷹介; 片岡 直行; 増田 正人; 西 宏起; 山中 大介, 東京大学
    配分額(総額):17420000, 配分額(直接経費):13400000, 配分額(間接経費):4020000
    これまで低タンパク食または低アルギニン食を給餌したラットで脂肪肝形成が誘導されることを明らかにしてきた。さらに、低タンパク質食給餌ラットでは新規脂質合成が促進されることによって脂肪が蓄積するが、低アルギニン食を給餌したラットでは肝臓からのVLDLの分泌が抑制されることによって脂肪肝が形成されることを示した。昨年度は、VLDLの構成分子であるアポリポタンパク質の発現を誘導するアミノ酸としてオルニチンを同定することに成功した。さらに、オルニチンを低アルギニン食に添加すると低アルギニン食給餌によって誘導された脂肪肝形成が完全に抑制された。しかし、オルニチンを腹腔内に投与しても低アルギニン食で誘導される脂肪肝形成を抑制できないことから、腸内細菌叢や小腸細胞を介して、オルニチンがVLDL分泌を促進していると考えられた。そこで本年度は、まず、低アルギニン食または低アルギニン食にオルニチンを添加した食餌を給餌したラットの門脈血のメタボローム解析を行った。その結果、腸内細菌叢で合成される二次胆汁酸の量が低アルギニン食給餌で増加し、オルニチンの添加で抑制された。そのため、胆汁酸の吸着剤を添加して脂肪肝形成を調べたが、残念ながら胆汁酸の関与は認められなかった。また、抗生物質を多量に投与して腸内細菌叢を除去したのちに脂肪肝形成を観察したが、腸内細菌叢の関与も認められなかった。今後は一部の特徴的な胆汁酸が脂肪肝抑制に関与している可能性を考えて、研究を進めていきたい。次に腸管組織において、低アルギニン食給餌やオルニチンの添加によって発現が変化する分泌タンパク質の探索を行った。その結果、多くの分泌タンパク質の遺伝子発現が変化していることを明らかにした。今後はこれらのタンパク質の発現を制御することによって脂肪肝形成に関与していることを証明したい。
    課題番号:23K23793
  • 自己組織化マップを用いた未病状態の診断と改善食の提示システムの開発               
    日本学術振興会, 科学研究費助成事業, 基盤研究(C), 2021年04月01日 - 2024年03月31日
    増田 正人; 鬼木 健太郎; 西 宏起
    配分額(総額):4030000, 配分額(直接経費):3100000, 配分額(間接経費):930000
    本研究では、人工知能技術の一つである自己組織化マップを用いて血中アミノ酸プロファイルから未病を診断するシステムを開発した。このシステムは血中のアミノ酸プロファイルを入力すると病気などを写像した空間に入力された個人が投影され、個人の置かれている病状や疾病リスクが可視化できる。血液検査は健康診断などで毎年行うことができるので、経年で個人の状態を追跡することができ、病気の予防や早期発見に役立てられる。
    改善食については機械学習を用いて、異常のある血中アミノ酸プロファイルを正常な血中アミノ酸プロファイルに改善する食事中のアミノ酸バランスを提示する仕組みを提供する。
    課題番号:21K05485
  • オルニチンにより仲介される新規アミノ酸シグナル経路の同定               
    日本学術振興会, 科学研究費助成事業, 若手研究, 2021年04月01日 - 2023年03月31日
    西 宏起, 東京大学
    配分額(総額):4550000, 配分額(直接経費):3500000, 配分額(間接経費):1050000
    オルニチンを共有結合させたビーズの作製に成功し、十分な収量が得られた。それと、ラット肝がん由来H4IIE細胞の細胞抽出液を混合し、質量分析に供することで、オルニチン特異的に結合する複数のタンパク質の取得に成功した。H4IIE細胞を用いたそれらのタンパク質の機能解析は現在鋭意進行中である。
    一方で低タンパク食給餌したキイロショウジョウバエにおける脂質蓄積の解析については、原因不明ながら研究途中で実験系の再現性が不安定になってしまったため、現在その原因を究明するとともに実験系の再構築を進めている。
    課題番号:21K14826
  • アミノ酸欠乏をシグナルとした組織特異的な脂質代謝制御の新機構の解明とその利用               
    日本学術振興会, 科学研究費助成事業, 特別研究員奨励費, 2016年04月22日 - 2019年03月31日
    西 宏起, 東京大学
    配分額(総額):1900000, 配分額(直接経費):1900000
    今年度は標識した基質を用いて培養細胞系(H4IIEラット肝癌細胞株)およびラット肝臓における脂質のフラックスを解析する実験系の確立を行った。肝臓における脂質の新規合成活性の測定については、重水素標識した水(D2O)を投与したラットの肝臓から抽出した総脂質をGCMSで分析し、重水素が取り込まれたパルミチン酸同位体を定量することで脂質合成活性を評価することに成功した。肝臓への脂質の取り込み活性については、蛍光標識した脂肪酸アナログであるBODIPY FL C12をラットに投与し、肝臓への蛍光の取り込み量を定量することにより脂質取り込み活性を評価することに成功した。これらの実験系を用いて、低アミノ酸食を給餌したラットの肝臓における脂質合成と脂質取り込みの活性を解析したところ、対照食群と比較して脂質合成活性が顕著に増加していたが取り込み活性は変化していなかった。前年度の成果からすでに低アミノ酸食給餌ラットの肝臓の脂質分泌活性と脂質酸化活性には顕著な差がないことが示されていることから、それらの結果と合わせて低アミノ酸食給餌による肝臓脂質蓄積の生化学的メカニズムの解明に成功した。
    一方で前年度から引き続き、このような代謝変化を引き起こすアミノ酸シグナル因子・経路の探索も進めた。その過程で、阻害剤を投与したラットの肝臓脂質フラックスの解析結果から、肝臓の脂質蓄積を誘導するアミノ酸シグナル仲介因子のいくつかの候補を見出すことにも成功した。
    さらに本研究の特色の一つである機械学習を用いた血中アミノ酸プロファイルの非線形解析も引き続き進めた。これまでは教師なし学習である自己組織化マップ(SOM)を用いてきたが、今年度は新たに教師あり学習多層パーセプトロン(MLP)も導入し、MLPでも血中アミノ酸プロファイルから肝臓脂質量を予測できることが示された。
    課題番号:16J08326
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